tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-86858432163412386132024-02-18T18:19:37.489-08:00Academic Research Project AccessAdefolarin Olamilekanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00999790251206403460noreply@blogger.comBlogger21125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8685843216341238613.post-27081666771176514812016-12-08T06:52:00.000-08:002016-12-08T06:52:35.805-08:00 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND PERFORMANCE OF SMALL SCALE BUSINESS IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF ABUJA MUNICIPAL AREA COUNCIL (AMAC) FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY (FCT)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS AND PERFORMANCE OF SMALL SCALE BUSINESS IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF
ABUJA MUNICIPAL AREA COUNCIL (AMAC) FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY (FCT).</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ABSTRACT</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In
this digital age, information is the popular currency while knowledge is the
preferred coin essential in getting the best deal. Nowhere is more real than
today business environment which affect the success or otherwise of any
business venture. Several authors have attributed failure of businesses
particularly small and medium scale enterprises to various factors ranging from
training of the entrepreneur to exposure and experience while some analysts
opined that business environment could impact on small and medium scale
enterprises. Hence, using the chi-square statistical analytical technique to
analyze primary data obtained through a structured questionnaire administered
to Eighty entrepreneurs, managers and staff of various scale business and civil
servants in Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC) Federal Capital Territory
(FCT), However, a total number of fifty (50) questionnaires were duly completed
and returned. This study seeks to ascertain the nature of the relationship
between business environment and the survival of small and medium scale
businesses in Nigeria. The obtained result revealed that the model of
chi-square was able to predict the distribution of 62% of the observed values
of the dependent variables as factors such socio-cultural factors, fiscal
incentives and government fiscal policies serve as barriers to business growth
and survival. Hence, it is recommended that small business operators must developed
and adopt scientific and rational business management strategies that will aid
and increase their understanding of both their business and its environment in
order to facilitate planning and predictions on the most significant factors
that affects business survival.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">TABLE OF
CONTENTS</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Title page<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Declaration<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Approval-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dedication<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Acknowledgement<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Abstract<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Table of contents<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">List of Tables<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Introduction<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Background of the study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Statement of the problem<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Objective of the study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Research Question<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Statement of the Hypothesis<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.7<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Significance of the study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.8<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Justification of the study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.9<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Scope of the study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.10<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Definition of Terms<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Introduction<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The concept of an organization<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.1.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mission, Objectives and Goals<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.1.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Organizational Performance<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Theoretical Framework<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Literature on the Subject Matter <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.3.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Concept of small and medium Scale Business<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.3.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Small and Medium Scale Business and
Entrepreneurship <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Small Scale Businesses and the Nigerian
Business Environment<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.4.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Classification Based on the Rate of Change<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.4.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Effects of Environment on Small Scale
Business<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.4.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Types of Environment Faced by Business
Organization<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Concepts, Social Responsibility and Nigerian
Business<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.5.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Should small Scale Businesses be Socially
Responsible?<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.5.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To whom should Small Scale Business be
Socially Responsible?<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Role of Public Policies on Businesses<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.6.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Impact of Public Policies in Businesses<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.7<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Roles of Small Scale Businesses in </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Wealth
Creation and Economic Development<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.8<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Problems Militating Against Growth of
Small Scale Business in Nigeria<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.8.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Possible Solutions to These Problems<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.8.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Providing Fiscal Incentives for small Scale
Business in Nigeria<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.9<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Importance of Small and Medium Scale
Enterprises<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.10<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Successful Business Strategies for Small
Scale Business<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Area of study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Research Design<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sources of Data<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Study Population and Determination of
Sample Size<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Research Instruments<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Procedure Instruments<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Techniques of Data Analysis<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.7<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Limitation of the Studies<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS,
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Data Analysis, Findings and Discussion<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Findings of the Study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Discussion of the findings<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS,
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Summary of Findings<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>- </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Conclusions<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Recommendations<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Proposal for Further Studies<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bibliography <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Appendix 1: Letter of Introduction<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Appendix II: Questionnaire<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LIST OF TABLES</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table 4.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Showing Distribution of Administered Questionnaire</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table 4.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Analysis of Respondents’ Bio-Data</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table 4.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Analysis Based on Marital Status</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table 4.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Analysis Based on Age</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table 4.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Analysis Based on Academic Qualification</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Analysis Based on Job/Position</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Table 4.7<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Your organization pays considerable
attention to the external environment it <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>operates in order to enhance its
performance for survival and growth.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Table 4.8<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>For small scale businesses to improve
their productivity, they must effectively <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>manage their environment.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Table 4.9<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Small business being socially responsible
will improve its performance.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Table 4.10<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In highly competitive business
environment, small scale business will still achieve <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>pre-determined objectives without adapting to
environmental factors.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Table 4.11<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Government Fiscal Policies do not have significant
effect on the performance of <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>small scale businesses<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Table 4.12<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Organization that must improve in
performance must keep abreast with <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>technology development.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Table 4.13<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The present economic system in Nigeria is
helpful for the growth and <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>development of small scale industries in Nigeria.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Table 4.14<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The present socio-cultural environment
conducive, for enhanced productivity of <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>small scale industries in Nigeria.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Table 4.15<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Small scale businesses are the key to
economic development of Abuja Municipal <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Area Council (AMAC) Federal Capital
Territory (FCT).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Table 4.16<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In ability of small scale businesses to
access a credit facility from Banks impinges <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>negatively
on the productivity and growth.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Table 4.17<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Conflicts in business environment usually
take a negative toll on the performance <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>of
small scale businesses.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Table 4.18<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC)
Federal Capital Territory (FCT) is a fast <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>developing business environment with
all the potentials for small scale industries <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>to
thrive.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Table 4.19<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The business environment has all
necessary infrastructures needed for high <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>productivity of small scale
businesses.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Table 4.20<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Small Scale Business have significantly contributed
to wealth creation in Abuja <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Municipal Area Council (AMAC)
Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Business <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Environment.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CHAPTER ONE</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>INTRODUCTION</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>INTRODUCTION</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
present bay business environment is marked by different dynamic features such
as global competition, information technology, quality service revolution and
corporate social responsibility which are compelling managers to rethink and
reshapes their approach to their various operation responsibilities. Due to
this paradigm shift, new firms are emerging that are more responsive to both
their internal and external environments (Luthans, 1995). The internal factors
exist within the operational base of an organization and directly affect and
different aspect of business. These internal factors include firms Mission,
resistance to change, poor quality staff, lapses in internal control, bad
resources? Financial management, operational weakness, high staff turnover and
overleveraging while the external factors include government regulation,
economic recession, political turn oil, low cost competitors, change in
customer behaviour, environmental/ health issues, technological changes,
natural disasters, change in input supply, changes in macro-economic variables
and terrorist attacks. Hence, it is important for business to keep a pace with
the various changes in the environment in order to survive in the long run.
Similarly, every business settings often bring in new way of thinking about the
business environment and new ways of acting (Belohlav, 1996). Hence, copping with
these multitude of challenges require a firm that can easily adapt to change.
This makes the small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) the driving force in
economic growth and job creation I both developed and developing countries due
to their ability to experiment new approach at minimum cost and create a
standardized product/ service that can meet the needs of a large target market
(Sunter , 2000). However, more than half of newly established business survive
beyond five years. Hence, the identification of those factors which empirically
lead to entrepreneurial success/failure would assist in equipping small
business owners with the necessary managerial skills of survive in today’s
competitive environment as well as exploit several strategies that will improve
their operational efficiencies.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">BACKGROUND OF
THE STUDY</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">There
is controversy that small and medium scale business in any country where they
operate play important role in the economic growth and development of that
country or nation and it improves the quality of life individuals (Ohanemu,
2006).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Business
organizations anywhere in the world operate within environment which according
to Adidu & Olanye (2006) is an aggregate of all conditions, events,
circumstances and influences that surround and effect the business
organization.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In
management, the term “Environment” does necessarily mean physical surrounding
but, it is used as a total forces, factors and influences that surround and
affect business organizations as a separate entity as well as other business
organizations. This means that business must interact with those forces that
influence its decisions, directions, actions, size, health, profitability and
performance of the organization as a whole.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ukaegbu
(2004) stated that the contemporary environment is becoming dynamic and
competitive and since business organizations do not operate in vacuum, they
affect and are affected by environment conditions. Therefore, business
organizations irrespective of their objectives must take into consideration,
these environmental opportunities and constraints. Businesses affect the
environment by providing the required goods and services thereby contributing
to the development of the business by presenting opportunities and threats. One
thing to be emphasized at this point is that, the extent to which managers
could identify, evaluate and react to the environmental forces will have
considerable impact or organizational performances.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kuye,
(2004), emphasized that the need to study business environment is very
important considering the fact that business organizations do not operate in
vacuum and an effective management in complex and dynamic society requires the
assessment of strengths and weaknesses of the organization and the
opportunities and threats provided by the challenges of the external
environment , hence for survival and growth, organizations must cope and adopt
to these challenges posed by the ever changing environment (internal &
external) in which managers operate means that managers must not only be aware
of what constitutes the elements of their business environment but also should
be able to respond to the forces of the environment which inevitably impinges
on the operations of the business organization.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ukaegbu
(2006) further stated that the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>relationship between a business organization and its host environment
can be examined from three strategic ways;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Firstly,
the organization can be viewed as importing various kinds of inputs
(resources)s such as human resources, capital, managerial and technical inputs.
These inputs are then transformed to provoke output which takes the form of
goods and services. A second approach is the study of the relationship between
the organization and the society. It focuses on the demands and legitimate
rights of different claimants such as employees, consumers, suppliers,
stakeholders, government and the community. A third opportunities and
constraints. Thus no single approach is sufficient for all times and in all
circumstances. They are complementary. The elements external to the
organization affect its performance as well as those elements within the
organizations.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>STATEMENT
OF THE PROBLEM</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
effects of environment on organizational performance vary from one situation to
another. The environment suitable for the growth of a particular business may
be hostile to the survival of another business. The problems that necessitated
this research are as flows:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Assess impact of environment factors
that has the performance of small scale enterprises in Abuja Municipal Area
Council (AMAC) federal capital territory (FCT).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The ability to identify, evaluate and
react to the challenges that are critical to organizational performance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Therefore,
this study to investigate the of business environment on organizational
performance of small scale business in Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC)
federal capital territory (FCT).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
purpose of the study is to assess the which environmental factor affects the
performance of small business enterprises, evaluate it, determine its success
and failure and discuss its likely effects on organizational survival and
growth. The other objectives this research seeks to achieve are:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To determine the extent to which
environmental factors affect organizational growth and survival of small scale
business.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To determine the relationship existing
between small scale business and its operating environment.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To determine the challenges facing small
scale business within Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC) federal capital
territory (FCT).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iv.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To examine how small scale business
manage these environment factors.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>RESEARCH
QUESTIONS</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In order to arrive at a
precise answer to the effect of environmental factors on the performance of
small scale business, the following research question shall be tested;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To what extent do environmental factors
affect growth and survival of small scale businesses?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Is there a relationship existing between
small scale business and its operating environment?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">What are challenges facing small
business within Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC) federal capital territory
(FCT)?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iv.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">How do small scale business manage these
environmental factors?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">What are the available incentives
provided by government to support small scale businesses?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>STATEMENT OF THE HYPOTHSIS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The following
formulated hypothesis would be tested in order to help provide answers to the
research questions;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">H<sub>o</sub>:
there is no significant relationship between external environment factors and
performance of small scale business.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">H<sub>1</sub>:
there is significant relationship between external environment factors and
performance of small scale business</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">H<sub>o</sub>:
there is no significant relationship between increased productivity of small
business and socio-cultural within the business environment where it operates .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">H<sub>1</sub>:
there is significant relationship between increased productivity of small
business and socio-cultural factors within the business environment where it
operates.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">H<sub>0</sub>:
there is no significant relationship between the fiscal incentives provided by
the government, and enhanced performance of small business.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">H<sub>1</sub>:
there is significant relationship between the fiscal incentives provided by the
government, and enhanced performance of small business.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This study will be
highly useful after its completion of both current and future entrepreneurs,
business organizations and the government. This research study on the effects
of environment factors on performance of small scale business in Abuja Municipal
Area Council (AMAC)federal capital territory (FCT) would have considerable
benefits on the small scale business operating within this business operating
within the business environment in that it would;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 51.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Help these business become sensitive to
the uncontrollable external environmental factors impinging on the performance
of their business and how they can effectively manage these factors and top the
opportunities for enhanced productivity and profitability. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 51.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To
an entrepreneur:</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> the knowledge obtained from this study
will enable them to know how critical environmental factors are and how to
effectively manage these factors for the survival and growth of small scale
business.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 51.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To
organizations and the society</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">: the study will
equally be useful to organization and the society at large in the sense that
knowledge about technological advancement generation through small scale
business source of credit facilities to establish small business will be
acquired.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 51.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To
the government:</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> this research will also be useful to
the government in the formulation of policies towards small scale enterprises
development in Nigeria. It will also help the government to indentify the
importance of small scale enterprises in the achievement to economic growth and
development in Nigeria.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.8<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
reason why the research is being conducted is to assess the impact of
environmental factors that has the performance of small scale enterprises in
Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC) federal territory (FCT) and the ability to
indentify, evaluate and react to the challenges that are critical to
organizational performance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
overall objective of the study is to assess the extent to which environmental
factor affects the performance of small business enterprises, evaluate it
determine it success and failure and discuss its likely effects on
organizational survival and growth.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
significant of the study is to help business become sensitive to the
uncontrollable external environmental factors impinging on the performance of
their business and how they can effectively manage these factors and top the
opportunities for enhanced productivity and profitability .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
chi-square statistical analytical technique was used to analyze the primary
data obtained from structured questionnaire to eighty entrepreneurs, manager
and staff of various scale business and civil servants in Abuja Municipal Area
Council (AMAC) federal capital territory (FCT).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.9<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>SCOPE OF
THE STUDY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This
study covers environmental factors and its effects on the performance of small
scale business in Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC) federal capital territory
(FCT). The study basically focused on the challenges of these business managing
the dynamic nature of their business environment in achieving organizational
performance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.10<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DEFINITION OF TERMS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ENVIRONMENT: </span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">environment
is the aggregate of surrounding things, conditions or influences.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ENVIRONMENTAL FACRORS: </span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">environmental
factors are known characteristics in an environment that impact the survival,
operations and growth of an organization. This identifiable element exists as a
physical, cultural, demographic, economic, political, regulatory or
technological characteristic.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">SMALL SCALE BUSINESS: </span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">small
scale business that employs a small number of workers and does not have a high
volume of sales. Such enterprises are generally privately owned and operated
sole proprietorships, corporations or partnerships.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ENTREPRENEUR:</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
entrepreneur is a person who organizes and manages any enterprise especially a
business, usually with considerable initiative and risk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS:</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
socio-cultural factors are customs, lifestyles and values that characterize a
society. Some example are religion, attitudes, economic status, class,
language, polities and law. These factors can affect quality of life and
business.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">FISCAL INCENTIVES:</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
fiscal incentives are incentives granted to enterprises to facilitate local and
foreign of the local value added.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">GOVERNMENT FISCAL POLICY:</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
a government fiscal policy is the government spending policies that influence
macroeconomic conditions. Through fiscal policy, regulators attempt to improve
unemployment rates, control inflation, and stabilize the economy and business
cycle.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">REFERENCES</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 117.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -117.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adidu & Olannye (2006) Basic Small
Business Entrepreneurship: A Modern Approach, Royal Place Publishers, Agbor, Delta
State</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 121.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -121.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Asika Nnamdi (2004) Research Methodology:
A Process Approach. Mukugamu Enterprises Lagos.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 121.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -121.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Edett, I.A (2001) Small And Medium Scale
Enterprises Development In Nigeria Ageless Friendless Press.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 117.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -117.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Elikwu Michael (2008) Research Project
Made Easy: A Simplified Approach To Write And Defend A God Research Report, Cin-Eight
Publishers, Lagos.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 121.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -121.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ohanemu. C. (2004) The Complete
Entrepreneur: Managing The Small Scale Industry. Rockfied Publishers, Lagos.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">FOR
THE REMAINING CHAPTERS OF THIS PROJECT PLS CALL; ADEFOLARIN OLAMILEKAN;
08134232272 OR 08073814436</span></b></div>
Adefolarin Olamilekanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00999790251206403460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8685843216341238613.post-1156179771582315812016-12-08T06:49:00.002-08:002016-12-08T06:49:47.866-08:00THE EFFECT OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT ON EMPLOYEE’S PERFORMANCE IN SMALL SCALE BUSINESS (A CASE STUDY OF SELGIC VENTURES NIGERIA LIMITED) <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ABSTRACT</span></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This
study titled “The effect of training and development on employee’s performance
in small scale business” is aimed at finding out the adequacy of training and
development programme provided to the staff of Selgic Ventures Nigeria Limited,
Abuja. The success of any organization is not only determined by the quality of
personnel available, but how adequate these human resources are harnessed and
co-ordinate towards achieving the goal of the organization. The importance of
training and development is more obvious given the growing complexity of the
work environment, the rapid change in organizations and advancement in
technology. Training and development assist the organizational members to
posses the knowledge and skills they need to perform their job effectively,
take a new responsibilities and adapt to ever changing conditions. The study is
a descriptive research and adopted the system theory. To guide the study,
design and a simple random sampling technique. Questionnaire was the instrument
used for data collections. The data collected was analyzed using the t-test
statistics. The finding indicated that: There is significant positive
relationship between training and development on employee performance. The
study recommends that organizations should make training and development of
their employees a regular activity. Training has to involve more than just
basic skill development. That is, to use training to gain a competitive
advantage organizations should view training broadly as a way of creating
intellectual capital. The organization should be effective in integration of
resources, physical and human capital. The organization should be effective in
integration of resources, physical and human will to yield high output or
productivity.</span></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CHAPTER ONE</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">INTRODUCTION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">INTRODUCTION</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Training
and Development is a function of human resource management concerned with the
organizational activity aimed at bettering the performance of individuals and
groups in an organization.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Training
is the activity that is focused upon and evaluated against the job an employee
is currently holding.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Development
focuses upon the activities that the organization or employer as well as the
employee may partake in future and it’s almost impossible to evaluate.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
effect of training and development in an organization cannot be over
emphasized, as it is the bedrock of organizational efficiency, proficiency and
profitability. Any organization that wants to stand the test of time must
engage both management and staff in training and development which is the
essence of this research work.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">BACKGROUND
TO THE STUDY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Training
and development plays significant role in achieving organizational objectives
by keeping in view the interest of employees and organization (Stoner, 2002).
To achieve the organizational goals employee performance is important that
depends on a variety of factors. But training receives high importance as it
improves the skills, capabilities, confidence and competencies. Training
include ‘soft’ skills such as software training, management training. Whereas
development focuses upon the activities that enhances employees skills for
future. Employee development is a long term process that comprises, mentoring,
succession planning, coaching etc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In
short to achieve the organization goals, role of human capital lead to
organization growth and development and human capital is totally related with
training, if your employee is trained he/she can perform better in
organizations. The main purpose of this study is to determined the effect of
training and development on organizational performance. Organizations should
focused more on training than on cost control and efficiency because
organization cannot get effectiveness without training and development.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">STATEMENT
OF RESEARCH PROBLEM</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Considering
the important role of training and development in bringing small scale business
to an enviable height, if those that are expected to execute policies of the
organization and manage public affairs are not trained and knowledgeable, there
would definitely be a problem. Obviously the achievement of the objectives for
which they were employed might be affected. As the popular adage says, “if a
naked man promises you clothes, ask him which one”. Where the human capital is
not planned, organizations will be confronted with the inability to deliver
quality service, inability to attract and retain the people required and
difficulty in the development and training of highly talented personnel.
Training on the job and some form of in-service training are examples of training
being designed or intended to develop the knowledge or expertise, greater
confidence and a higher degree of performance. The principal intention of
training is to equip people with the knowledge required to qualify them for a
particular position of employment or to improve their skills and efficiency in
the position they already hold. Staff development, on the other hand, implies
growth and the acquisition of wide experience for future strategies advantage
of the organization. Training is therefore a key element for improved
organizational competences. It helps to reconcile the gap between what should
happen and what is happening – between desired targets or standards and actual
levels of work performance. Thus the study focuses on the effect of training and
development on employee’s performance in small scale business.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Training
and development has a lots of employee’s performance. One of the factors which
are a point of hesitation for the employers is “cost”, used for the training
and development. Otherwise there is always a positive result from training and
development. Another factor is how the employee’s performance is being
influenced by training and development in context of Selgic Ventures Nigeria
Limited.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">OBJECTIVE
OF THE STUDY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
broad objectives of the study is to assess the effect of training and
development on employee’s performance in small scale business. The specific
objectives of the study are to:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To
ascertain the effect of training and development on employees performances</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To
determine the challenges associated with training and development in small
scale business.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To
highlight the benefits of training and development in small scale business.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>RESEARCH
QUESTION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In
this study, attempt will be made to provide answers to the following questions</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Does
training and development influence the employee’s performance?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Is
there positive relationship between on-job training and employee performance?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Is
there positive relationship between training and development on employee
performance?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>STATEMENT
OF THE HYPOTHESIS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In
order to justify the purpose of the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>study and make answers available to the questions raised, the following
three hypotheses are formulated:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hypothesis One:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">H<sub>o</sub>:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There is no significant positive
relationship between training and development on <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>employee performance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">H<sub>1</sub>:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There is significant positive
relationship between training and development on employee <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>performance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hypothesis Two:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">H<sub>o</sub>:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Training and development does not
influence the employee’s performance</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">H<sub>1</sub>:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Training and development do influence the
employee’s performance</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.7<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">It
is expected that the study will inform the Management of Selgic Ventures
Nigeria Limited and other organizations that to enhance employee’s performance
and increase productivity, there is the need to have and retain well trained
and motivated employees. It is also to help develop and maintain a quality work
life, which will provide an opportunity for employees’ job satisfaction and
self-actualization. Finally, it is to aid management of Selgic Ventures Nigeria
Limited to introduce modern schemes for training and development, to be able to
meet the challenges of change in the future.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.8</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">JUSTIFICATION
OF THE S TUDY</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Human
resource capital which is a vital factor that determines the success of every
organization can be achieved based on the kind of training and development
programmes such organization has in place. This study will be a significant
endeavour in promoting training and development at work place to motivate
employees’ as well as acquire skills and knowledge that will enhance
productivity. This study will be beneficial to the employer, employee and
people that hold strategic management positions. Effective training and
development in various organizations will lead to the use of effective human
resources. By understanding and improving training and development needs of
workers, organizations are assured of a competitive advantage.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Moreover,
the study will provide recommendations on how to evaluate training and
development programmes in organizations to ensure human resources development
and the achievement of organizational goals.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.9<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>SCOPE
OF THE STUDY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Though,
the concept of training and development is so broad and significant to the
continuous survival of any organization. The small scale industry is service
oriented and constantly required customers satisfaction, the researcher shall
limit the study to Selgic Ventures Nigeria Limited.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DEFINITION
OF TERMS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Training:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
Training is the organized way in which organizations provide development and
enhance quality of new and existing employees. Training is viewed as a
systematic approach of learning and development that improve individual, group
and organization.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Development:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
Development refers to activities leading to the acquisition of new knowledge or
skills for purposes of growing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Employee
Development:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Employee development is gaining an
increasing critical and strategic imperative in organizations in the current
business environment. Thus organizations need to invest in continuous employee development
in order to maintain employees as well as the organization success.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Performance:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
This is about employee effort. Employee performance is measured in terms of
input – output relationship. It is the measure of the efficiency with which
inputs or resources are utilized to create outputs. Performance is employee
productivity.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Job
Performance:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> The work related activities expected of
an employee and how well those activities executed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Job
Satisfaction:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> This is the level of contentment
employees feel about their work, which can affect productivity.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Job
Training:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> This is a method of preparing an employee to
perform task by providing them with information about the task, a demonstration
of its performance, an opportunity for employee to imitate the demonstration
and subsequent feedback.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Motivation:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
Motivation actually describes the level of desire employees feel to perform,
regardless of the level of happiness. Employees who are adequately motivated to
perform will be more productive, more engaged and feel more invested in their
work. When employees feel these things, it helps them, and thereby their
managers, be more successful.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Organizational
Performance:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> This comprises the actual output or
results of an organization as measured against its intended outputs (or goals
and objectives).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Human Capital:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
This refers to the skills, knowledge, and experience possessed by an
individual, viewed in terms of their value or cost to an organization.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">REFERENCE</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Armstrong,
M. (2003). Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice. 9<sup>th</sup>
Edition, U.K. London, Cambrian Printers Ltd.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Akuezuilo
and Agu (2002). Human Resources Management in Nigeria, Business Science Books,
Lagos.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Stoner,
J. and Gilbert, D. (2001). Management, New York: Prentice Hall Incorporation</span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">FOR
THE REMAINING CHAPTERS OF THIS PROJECT PLS CALL; ADEFOLARIN OLAMILEKAN;
08134232272 OR 08073814436</span></b></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TABLE
OF CONTENTS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Title page<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>i</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Declaration<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ii</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Approval page<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>iii</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dedication<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>iv</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Acknowledgement<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>v</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Abstract<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>vi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Table of content<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>vii-viii</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">List of figure<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ix</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CHAPTER
ONE</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Introduction<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Background to the study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Statement of the Problem-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Objectives of the study-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Research Question-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Statement of the Hypothesis-<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Significance of the study-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.8<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Justification of the study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.9<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Scope of the study-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.10<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Definition of Terms<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CHAPTER
TWO</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">REVIEW
OF RELATED LITERATURE</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Introduction<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Conceptual Clarification<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Theoretical Framework<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Literature on the Subject Matter<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CHAPTER
THREE</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Area of study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Research Design and Sources of Data<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Study Population and Determination of
Sample Size<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Instrumentation<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Procedure for Data Collection and Data
Analysis<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Limitations of the Study-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CHAPTER
FOUR</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">DATA
ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Data Analysis, Findings and Discussion<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Findings of the study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Discussion of the study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>English<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CHAPTER
FIVE</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATIONS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Summary of findings<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Conclusions<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Recommendations<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Proposal for further studies<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>References<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Appendix<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LIST
OF FIGURES</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Figure 1: Research
Model</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Figure 2: The Effect of
Training and Development Model</span></div>
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Adefolarin Olamilekanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00999790251206403460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8685843216341238613.post-119017304425177552016-12-01T06:01:00.001-08:002016-12-02T03:55:04.693-08:00THE IMPACT OF INVENTORY CONTROL SYSTEM ON PUBLIC ENTERPRISES PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIA: A CASE STUDY OF ABUJA URBAN MASS TRANSPORT COMPANY.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND HUMAN
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">AUGUST, 2016</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BEING
AN ORIGINAL RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES IN
PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF PGD PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION PROGRAMME OF NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA ABUJA, NIGERIA.</span></b></div>
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</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>APPROVAL</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This
is to certify that this research work was carried out under strict supervision
and has been approved for submission to the National Open University Abuja,
Nigeria in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of post
graduate diploma in public administration.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This work is dedicated
to God Almighty.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">It
is a known fact that a good research work involves many days of critical
thinking and brainstorming. To make this work a reality there were intellectual,
moral and physical contribution from different quarters.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">First
and foremost, glory to the Almighty God who provided necessary enabling
conditions needed for this work.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">I
also express sincere appreciation to my project supervisor,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>-----for his through intellectual guide in the course of this
research work.</span></div>
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thank my family especially parents for their support and encouragement.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">I
also wish to acknowledge my classmate for his all round support and for making
this work a reality.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">I
wish to acknowledge my siblings and colleague at work for their encouragement
and support.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This
research work explores the impact of inventory control system on public enterprises,
using the Abuja Urban Mass Transport Company as case study. As investment in
business enterprise inventory needs to serve the purpose of maximize resources
utilization. Inventory constitutes the most significant part of current assert
of larger majority of Nigeria enterprises ventures. Because of the relative
largeness of inventories maintained by organizations, considerable sum of an
organization’s funds is being committed to them. It thus become
absolutely/imperative to manage inventories efficiently so as to avoid the cost
of changing production rates, sub-contracting, unnecessary lost of sales and
back order penalties during peak demand. The problem of poor system of
inventory control have been identified to include overstatement of gross margin,
overstatement of net income, over-statement of current assets, poor decision
making, procurement challenges etc. This problem may eventually lead to
organizational failure and poor return on resources investment. The main
objective of this study is to determine whether or not inventories in the Abuja
Urban Mass Transport company can be evaluated and understood using the various
existing tools to optimization in inventory control. The study methods employed
include the chi-square method. It is observed that inventory control has
continued to play a leading role in determining the survival of any
organization. To a great extent a highly proportion of human, material and
financial is usually tied up in inventory. Inventory is classified into raw
materials, work – in – progress, finished goods and assets, the process of
effective inventory management involve the determination of the value of
inventory transparency and accounting purposes. In conclusion, a proper control
of inventory has a positive impact on an organization performance and
productivity, this is because inventory control improves the efficiency,
effectiveness and enhances prudency in managerial decision making. The answer
to the fundamental question of how best an organization which handles inventory
can be efficiently run is provided for in the analysis and findings of the
study. Consequently, recommendations in regular physical verification of stock
through the use of perpetual inventory system is made, enlightenment on the
importance of proper inventory control system to all supervisors and timing of
material, at the most favorable price conclude the research study.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">TABLE OF CONTENTS</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Title
page <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Certification
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dedication
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Acknowledgement
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Abstract
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
of content <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">CHAPTER<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ONE: INTRODUCTION</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Background To The Study <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Statement Of Research Problem <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Objective Of The Study <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Research Question <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Statement Of Hypothesis <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Significant Of The Study <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Scope And Delimitation Of The Study <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.8<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Definition Of term <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>--<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">CHAPTER TWO:
LITERATURE REVIEW</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Introduction <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Conceptual Clarification <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Theoretical Framework <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Literature on the Subject Matter <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">CHAPTER THREE:
METHODOLOGY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Research Design of the Study <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Population <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.3
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sample Size <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.4
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sampling Technique <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.5
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Instrumentation <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.6
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Instrument Validation <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.7
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Reliability of The Research
Instrument -<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.8<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> Procedure For Data Collection <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.9
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Method of Data Analysis <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">CHAPTER FOUR:
DATA PRESENTATION ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.1
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Results and Data Analysis -<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> Test of Hypothesis <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.3
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Discussion of Finding <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">CHAPTER FIVE:
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Summary <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.2
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Conclusion<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.3
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Recommendation <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.4
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Suggestion For Further Research <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bibliography <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Appendix I: Letter of Introduction <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Appendix II: Questionnaire<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CHAPTER ONE</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">INTRODUCTION</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.1
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Just like any
investment in enterprises every public or private organization requires
resources to carry out its activities and set objectives. These resources play
vital role in the survival and success of any organization. These resources
could be human or material. The material resources are known as inventories and
there are of three types in the manufacturing or services business and
enterprises:- Raw materials, goods – in process, services, finished goods,
infrastructure inventory (Ihunda, 2000).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Inventory control of
pivotal in effective and efficient organizations, it is also vital in the
control of materials and goods that have to be held (or stored) for later use
in the case of service. The principle goal of inventory control involves having
to balance the conflicting economic of not wanting to hold so as to guide
against the incurring of cost such as storage, spoilage, pilferage and
obsolescence and the desire to make items or goods available when and where
required (quality and quantity wise) so as to avert the cost of not meeting
such requirement (Anyanwu and Chima, 1999).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Drury (1996) defines
inventory as a stock of goods that is maintained by a business in anticipation
of some future demand. This definition was also supported by Schroeder (2000)
who stressed that inventory control has an impact on all business functions,
particularly operations, marketing, services accounting and finance.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Meigs (1987) defines
inventories as the aggregate of those items of tangible property which are:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Held
for sale in the ordinary course of business:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Are
in process of production for sale: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To
be currently consumed in the production of goods and service to be available
for sale.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Inventory control has a
very important effect on an organizations finance corporate performance and
human resources on firm or public enterprises.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hermanson (1992) stated
that an organization can only prepare accurate income statement, statement of
owner’s equity, statement of cost of goods manufactured and balance sheet only
if the organization has correctly values it inventory.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Net income, for a
merchandising organization depends on the valuation and control of ending
inventory and for a manufacturing firm, on the valuation of the finished goods
and services inventory will lead to an over statement of cost of goods sold.
This would eventually result in an overstatement of Gross Margin and Net
Income, Current Assets, Total Assets and owner’s capital. Moreover, when an
organization misstates its ending inventory in the current year, the
organization carried misstatement into the next years, the beginning inventory
amount for next year. Also an error in one periods ending inventory automatically
causes an error in the opposite direction in the next period (Braid, 2000).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The above underscores
the important role played by inventory valuation in determine the performing of
a public enterprises. Every public enterprises has the objective of welfare
service, not for profit making but the management put in a lot of effort in
order to effective achieve this objective.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">According to Inanga
(1990) in a business organization, the underlying motive of its economic
activities is profit making. It is the return received on a business
organization undertaking after all operating expenses have been met and
deducted from the sales made for a specific period “profit occurs when there is
excess of the value of output over the cost of inputs (resources) used by an
organization. When the reverse happens. It is a loss profit is the main
objective of business organization like public enterprises that are set up for
charitable or welfare purpose and is classified as “non-profit organization”.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The performance of an organization
is dependent on a number of factors (both internal and external) inventory
control, being one of the tools that internally determine the performance and
profitability of public enterprises, also determines how efficient an
organization management achieve it goals. It against this backdrop that we
undertake this research work. This research work will, therefore examines the
impact of inventory control system on public enterprises performances in
Nigeria, using the Abuja Urban Mass Transport Company. The main purpose of this
study is to determine the effect of inventory system on public enterprises
performance. Public enterprises could benefit more inventory control system as
it brings about cost control and efficiency of both human and material resources.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Due to the current rate
of business failure there is an upsurge of interest to why some public
enterprises succeed and why some fails. As the blood of an organization, how
can inventory be properly valued?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Also,
what role does this control of inventory play in enhancing the performance and
managerial efficiency of public enterprises? Many business organization due to
lack of proper inventory control suffer great loses. Some organizations have
gone under due to the negative impact of either over-control or under –control
of their inventory.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The aim of an inventory
system is to minimize the cost of an inventory that is holding whilst at the
same time maintaining a certain level of customer services. Clearly, there are
some problems in having either too little inventory or high inventory.
Basically, there are three reasons why inventory should be control and held.
These are: Transaction motives, precautionary motives and speculative motives.
These motives are pattered towards the Keynesian theory of holding money which
entails that: business hold inventory in form of stock for transaction in order
to meet the day to day demand of their customers, and precautionary so as to
avoid situation of stock out and </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">lastly speculative in
order that they may gain out of an unprecedented situation. Speculative and
precautionary motive are both vital to the Abuja Urban Mass Transport Company.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This research work
intends to solve the problems that are associated with the keeping of either a
low level of inventory or a high level of inventory. It has been observed that
there are problems associated with either of the levels. A further problem in
inventory control system is the cost that is incurred in providing service to
customers. This work however intends to highlight the probable solution to
this. Inventory control systems are primarily held to ensure nothing is out of
stock, for service or sale. The problems now arise of either to hold high –
level of stock. Lastly, the problem of estimating the cost of inventory is a
major constraint on inventory control system. As there are several method of
stock, resources estimation or valuation.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hence, for public
enterprises to excel in performance efficiency, profitability and managerial
protectiveness in decision – making, there is need for the inventories of that
organization to be properly controlled. There is also a need for a relationship
to exist between inventories control efficiency of a public enterprises
management.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The general objectives
of the study is to determine the effect that intervention valuation has on the
performance, managerial efficiency and customers satisfaction of the Abuja
Urban Mass Transport Company with a view to suggestions some measure of improving
inventory control system.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To meet it general
objective, the study will focus on the following specific objectives;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To
inquire the inventory control system used in Abuja Urban Mass Transport
Company.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To
find out the level of consistency in the sued of this system and to see if it
conforms to generally accepted inventory country principles.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To
ascertain the impact of different inventory control system on an organizational
performance and managerial efficiency.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To
determine the problems associated with inventory control at Abuja Urban Mass
Transport Company.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>RESEARCH QUESTIONS</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Does the inventory control system used
by an public enterprises affect the public enterprises performance?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Does inventory control system affect
management decision making?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">How consistent do public enterprises in
Nigeria use inventory control system.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>iv.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">What are the problems associated with
inventory control in Abuja Urban Mass Transport Company?</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In order to ensure
objectives of the research and also provide answer to the research problems,
the following research hypotheses are formulated:-</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>H<sub>o</sub>:</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> Inventory control system does not
improve the Abuja Urban Mass <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Transport Company performance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>H<sub>1</sub>:</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Inventory control system improves
the Abuja Urban Mass Transport <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Company performance.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">H<sub>o</sub>:</b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Inventory control system does not enhanced efficiency in
managerial <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>decision making.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">H<sub>1</sub>:</b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Inventory control system enhances
efficiency in managerial decision.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Inventory control
system is an important aspect of running any business organization be it
manufacturing, service oriented or merchandising. This is because when there is
a proper control </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">of inventory, the
organization will be successful while improper inventory control system would
lead to severe losses. Therefore, inventory control system is of primary
importance in the affair of any public enterprises or corporation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This research will show
the various method and their effects on managerial efficiency and public
enterprises performance. This will help the management of the Abuja Urban Mass
Transport Company the government, manufacturing, merchandising, individuals,
researcher and other interested users to select and apply suitable inventory
control system.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This study would be of
further great value as a reference material to student, researcher and other
interested persons who may wish to carry out a research on inventory system in
any form.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.7<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>SCOPE AND RECOMMENDATION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The study is restricted
to the Abuja Urban Mass Transport Company. It will deal only with inventory
control system and its corresponding effects on the management efficiency and
performance of Abuja Urban Mass Transport Company. This research will likewise
be created on the relevant department if the public enterprises namely;
purchasing, stores human resources, customers service, accounting among others.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The research of this
magnitude is not without some limitations. The speed and cost of getting
material /data have limited effect on the study, to this end, the bottle neck
associated with some of the organization contacted for materials actually
slowed down data gathering and analysis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The above limitations
does not however in any way nullify the validity and reliability of the
conclusions that have been reached in this research, it only makes room for
unavoidable errors.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.8
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>DEFINITION OF TERMS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">INTERVENTORY:</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Is seen as the aggregate of
those items of tangible property which are to be <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>currently
consumed in the production of goods and service to be available <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>for sale or servicing. It also
includes raw materials, work in progress and <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>finished goods. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">INTERVENTORY
CONTROL:</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Is defined as one of means to determine internally
the <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>performance and
profitability of an organization it is the whole <span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>process by which materials are made
available when and where it <span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>is
required. It is the system acquisition, management and <span style="mso-tab-count: 7;"> </span>requisition
of stock in an organization.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PERFORMANCE:</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
This about employee input-output measured relationship. Performance <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>is employee productivity.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">MANAGEMENT:</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
This is made up of top and middle level management. Top management <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>includes shareholders, boards of
directors and managing director while <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>the
middle management includes heads of department, managers, <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>deputy and assistant managers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">TOP MANAGEMENT:</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
This is management paradigm in which decision starts from highest <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>echelon to the lowest echelon of an
organization, the participation of <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>employees
in <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>decision making extremely or
does not exist.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">BOTTOM-UP MANAGEMENT: </span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This
is modern management paradigm in which <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>decision making starts from the
lowest echelon to the highest echelon of <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>the
organization. This encourages brainstorming between the management <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>and the employees
before decisions are taken on a particularly issues, <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>sentiment it is called
industries democracy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">MOTIVATION:</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
This describes the level of desire workers feel to perform, regardless of <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the level of joy or happiness.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">HUMAN CAPITAL:</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
This refers to the skills, knowledge and experience possessed by <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>an <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>individual, this formed the terms of
terms of value or cost to an <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>organization.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DECISION
MAKING:</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> It is cognitive process resulting in the selection
of a belief or a <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>course <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>of
action among several alternative possibilities.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">STOCK
KEEPING UNIT: </span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">It is a unique combination of all the
components that are assemble <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>into the purchasable item.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PRODUCTIVITY: </span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This
is a measure of the efficiency of production, that is of <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>production’s <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>capability to create income, which is measured by the
formula real output <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>value
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>minus <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>real input value.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">EFFICIENCY: </span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">It
about time management and limiting wastages in resource</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">EFFECTIVENESS</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">:
It also about quality use of resources and obtaining good result</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">REFERENCES</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Anyanwu, A. and Chima,
B.O (1999) Introduction to Business Administration. Enugu: Dran <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alobe Publication.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Braid, J.J (2000) The
theory and practice of cost accounting: London Spring field Publishers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Drury, C. (1987)
Management and cost Accounting (3<sup>rd</sup> ed) London Chairperson and Hall.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hermanson, S.T (1992)
Management Performance Index and Public Enterprises. New York: <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Friesland Spring Books.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ihunda, C.C (2000)
Management Information System, Springfield Publishers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Inanga, P. (1990)
Organizational Profitability and Managerial efficiency, Lagos: Host Print <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Book.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 12.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">For
the remaining chapters of this project please call Adefolarin Olamilekan on
08134232272,08073814436,it cost little to get the whole project chapter one to
five any other projects topic and material on this blog</span>Adefolarin Olamilekanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00999790251206403460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8685843216341238613.post-2683701770590375332016-11-22T00:03:00.003-08:002016-11-22T00:03:57.791-08:00THE IMPACT OF HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT ON EMPLOYEES PERFORMANCE IN THE NIGERIA PUBLIC SECTOR: A CASE STUDY OF FEDERAL MINISTRY OF INTERIOR<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">THE IMPACT OF HUMAN CAPITAL
DEVELOPMENT ON EMPLOYEES PERFORMANCE IN THE NIGERIA PUBLIC SECTOR: A CASE STUDY
OF FEDERAL MINISTRY OF INTERIOR</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ABSTRACT</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The study titled “Impact of Human
Capital Development on Employees Performance in Public Sector a case study of
the Federal Ministry of Interior’’ is to identify some training and development
programmes with a view to advice the Ministry on which one to adopt in accomplishing
its objectives. Human Capital Development is pivot to personnel utilization,
retention, motivation and productivity in organizations. Many employees in organizations
have failed because their needs for development was not identified and provided
for as an indispensable part of management function. The situation has now been
made worse by, the problem of improper selection of resource persons; problem of
transfer of learning, high cost of development programmes; vague objectives of
development; improper planning; lack of positive reinforcement; and inability
to evaluate development outcomes. In an effort to provide solution to these
problems above, it was discovered that many organizations including the Federal
Ministry of Interior have employees with ability and determination, matched
with appropriate equipment and managerial support, yet productivity falls below
the expected standard. This research project work, therefore, looks at the
challenges facing pooling system and operational performance. To achieve the
objective, the research adopts survey design and questionnaires were used as instrument
for the collection of data from a population of 230 respondents. Only 100
questionnaires were returned out off the 230 questionnaires. Analysis was done
using simple percentage methods of data analysis for the research questions,
while the hypotheses were analyzed using the chi-square statistical analytical
technique. The finding indicated that: human capital development can lead to
increase performance in the Federal Ministry of Interior. The study recommends
stronger leadership, institutions, and collective resolution to train,
re-trains, retained, and developed it work force. The government must take
proactive in area of development, growth, progress, decency, and stability in
the civil service pooling system and operational policies. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">TABLE OF CONTENTS</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Title page</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Certification</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dedication</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Acknowledgement</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Abstract</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Table of content</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">List of figure</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo5; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Background to the study</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo5; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Statement of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Research Problem</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo5; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Objectives of the study</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Research Questions</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Statement of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hypothesis</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Significant of the study</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo5; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Scope and Delimitation of the Study</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.8<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Definition of Terms </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Introduction</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Conceptual Clarification </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Theoretical Framework</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Literature on the Subject Matter</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">CHAPTER
THREE: METHODOLOGY</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Research Design of the Study</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Population</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sample size</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sampling Technique</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Instrumentation</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Instrument Validation</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.7<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Reliability of Research Instrument</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.8<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Procedure of Data Collection</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.9<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Method of Data Analysis</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION,
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Data analysis, findings and discussion</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Findings of the Study</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Discussion of findings</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION
AND <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>RECOMMENDATIONS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">5.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Summary</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">5.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Conclusion </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">5.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Recommendation </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">5.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Suggestion for further research </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bibliography</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Appendix
1: Letter of introduction</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Appendix
II: Questionnaire</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">CHAPTER
ONE</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">INTRODUCTION</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -21.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Human Capital Development is a pivot or
personnel utilization, retention, motivation and productivity in organizations.
Many employees in organizations have failed because of their needs for
development was not identified and provided for, as an indispensable part of the
management function. For employees to satisfy organizational goals irrespective
of their qualification or experience, they need to be trained, retrained and
developed within the context of the organization objectives.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nwachukwu (1988) argued that in economic
terms, human capital development contributes to the accumulation of effective
and efficient human capital and its investment in the development of an
economy. Countries such as Japan, Western Germany, Korea, Italy, etc, are known
to have attained a high level of development despite the absence of mineral
wealth of any significance. Thus the manpower development of any nation is
intricate with her economic and social development.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">One important reason for human capital
development is that, the technologies and new work procedures emerge every day
that calls for additional and improved skills of works and management. New
employees, as well as older ones deployed to undertake new jobs often, require
some development. Many organizations including the Federal Ministry of Interior
believe that an employee who is well developed is capable of carrying out his
functions competently, highly motivated with confidence and consequently more
productive than an employee of equal physical ability.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Some organizations have staff with
ability and determination, matured with appropriate equipment and managerial
support, yet productivity falls below expected standard. It is against this
background that this<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>research was
conceived using Federal Ministry of Interior in Nigeria to carry out a thorough
research work on the impact of human capital development on performance in the
Nigeria public sector.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The Federal Ministry of Interior in
Nigeria (the focus of this research) was created by the control management
ordinance of June 1958. The ordinance which came into operation on the 31<sup>st</sup>
day of July, 1958, conferred on the Ministry the responsibility for the control
and management of the public interior. The colonial period has passed through
several phases and stages with each stage or phase leaving an indelible mark
and legacy which have combined to make the Ministry the complex organization of
seven functional departments today.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">According to Deming (1988) Agencies of
regulations must themselves be regulated. In other, word if the Federal
Ministry of Interior is to perform its function satisfactorily as the
controller and manager of the treasury department of the federation in this
millennium, she should develop its workforce for the enormous challenges ahead.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The success of any organization depends
very crucially on the efficiency and effective use of its skilled, trained and
productive employees. Therefore, human capital development is an important
aspect of human resources management today. One important reason for human
capital development is that new technologies and new work procedures emerge
everyday that calls for the additional and improved skill of workers and
management. New jobs often required some workers and development. Many organizations
including the Federal Ministry of Interior believe that a trained employee is
capable of carrying out his functions more competently, high motivated,
committed and consequently more productive than an untrained employee of equal
physical ability. An untrained employee is a threat to the organization. Some
organizations in Nigeria have employees with ability and managerial support,
yet productivity falls below expected standard. The missing link is inadequate
development.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">From the foregoing analysis, we are
confronted with the following problems for investigation and subsequent
remedies:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The problem of declining productivity or
low quality output, which are acquired through the development of labour force.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">High rate of labour turn over in
organization which is caused by frustration or inability of the organization to
motivate its labour force by means of training and development. As a result, a
frustrated and unproductive employee hates his work and abandons it at the
slightest provocation resulting from lack of training and development.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is a problem of transfer of learning.
Some of the concepts and principles taught in development programmes are too
academic or explained in theoretical frame work and very difficult to apply in
real life situation or at work.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In some staff development programmes,
the consultants are not properly selected and do not adapt their lectures to
suit specific organizational needs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The objectives of some staff development
programme are not clearly stated to participants. There is no mental
preparedness. In this way, some employees see it as few days off duty that is
meant for relaxation and consequently an instrument for promotion to the next
grade levels.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">There is a consequence of pooling system
in which staffs that are trained in accounting procedure and treasury
management are transferred to their ministry.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The objective of this research is to
study and recommend ways in which human capital development can lead to higher
productivity in the Nigeria public sector in general and Federal Ministry of
Interior in particular.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Therefore, the objectives which these
embodiment of research record set to achieve be stated thus:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To study <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>human capital development programmes available
for staff in organizations and advise the Federal Ministry of Interior which
wants to adopt and why.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To study the benefits of human capital
development programmes in the Federal Ministry of Interior.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To identify the problem associated with
human capital development programmes with a view to recommending remedies as an
expert opinion.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To study effects of a pooling system
involving the inter-ministerial transfer of professional accountants from the
Federal Ministry of Interior with a view to make recommendations.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To identify the consequences of the
inadequate human capital development of employees in organizations with a view
to give expert advice.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To examine the various ways in which the
staff development programmes can improve productivity in the Federal Ministry
of Interior.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In
this study, an attempt will be made to provide answers to the following
questions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Are their human capital
development programmes available for staff of Federal Ministry <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>of Interior to adopt?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2.
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is the relationship between the
human capital development and employees <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>performance?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To what extent does the pooling
system affect civil service operational performance in <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nigeria?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4.
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What are the available measures
provided by the government to enhance human capital <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>development in Nigeria civil service?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hypothesis refers to an assumed or
conditional statement that has to be tested. The analysis is done in two ways –
null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis. The null hypothesis is always
stated in a negative form to show that there is no relationship between two
variables. The alternative hypothesis is a statement made in a positive form to
show that there is a relationship between two variables.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">It can therefore be possible to
formulate the following hypothesis which will be tested on its validity
reliability in a later chapter.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">H<sup>o:</sup> Human capital development
cannot lead to increase performance in the Federal Ministry of Interior.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">H<sup>1</sup> Human capital
development can lead to increase performance in the Federal Ministry of
Interior.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">H<sup>o:</sup> There is no significance
relationship between pooling system and operational performance in the Nigeria
civil service.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1:
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">There
is significance relationship between pooling system and operational performance
in Nigeria Civil Service</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">It is hoped that, this academic research
will be of immense value and guide to the Federal Ministry of Interior as to
which type of development programme to adopt; and how to impact it to
accomplish the objectives of the ministry.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This embodiment of the research
literature is a compendium of ideas, facts and figures for development
consultants, resources person and management scholars as well research students
who are in search of knowledge for achievement.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">It is a hall mark of records and data
bank for private business organizations and the entire organizations within the
public sector in Nigeria.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">It has provided a solution to the
problems associated with training and development and indeed made
recommendations on human capital development programme which will be of great
benefit to organizations in and outside Nigeria.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">It is an invaluable contribution to
knowledge and scholarship for the general public and the world at large, who
are interested in the impact of human capital development in enhancing
productivity in the Federal Ministry of Interior in Nigeria.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.7<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The extent of this research is focused
on the Federal Ministry of Interior in Nigeria from July 1958 to December 2008.
The year 1958 is very important to this research because this was the year the
Federal Ministry of Interior in Nigeria was created by the control Management
Ordinance of 1958.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Therefore, the period between 1958 and
2008 is not isolated period since the historical manifestation of the Nigeria
Federal Ministry of Interior leading to its current growth and development is
dynamic and a continuous process. The events of this period were connected with
those of the period before it and after. In this way, this study where relevant
will make reference to events before 1958 and after December 2008.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">However, this research is limited by
many factors. Among these factors is the substance of this academic research
which is difficult one. In as much as it is difficult to get the data that are
relevant to the topic of this research, it is indeed frustrating to note that
human capital development in the Federal Ministry of Interior is one of the area
which no serious academic research of this nature is written.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lack of fund also limited the research
work. The fund was necessary as transport fare to collect data, administer questionnaires
and interview resource person.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The research is again faced with the
problem of time factor. The research was given only few months to collect data and
complete the dissertation which is grossly inadequate.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Equally important is the hostile
attitude of staff in organizations where oral interview was conducted. They see
the items of the oral interview as probing and as such, not ready to volunteer
information for security reasons.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.7<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>DEFINITION OF TERMS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This aspect of the study attempts to
define the major operational terms as contained in the topic of this
dissertation. These terms are:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Impact: Hornby (1975), define impact as
“a strong effect or impression”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The meaning of impact that is adopted
here is the one given by Ewache (1998) thus: “impact is a positive impression
or positive mark which makes a particular thing to have maximum advantage”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Human Capital: Cole (1990) defined the
phrase ‘human capital’ as a literate employee who has been given specific tasks
to achieve within the frame work of organizational objectives”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">For the purpose of this dissertation
“human capital is a skilled employee who is on establishment post and has been
given adequate training and development to perform specific duties in a given
organization” (Ngu, 1992).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Staff Development: Nwachukwu (1988),
defined, staff development as “the activities undertaken to expose employee’s
additional duties and assume the position of importance in the organizational hierarchy”.
Staff development is educational process by which the top management and other
employees in organization acquire conceptually, theoretical knowledge and
skills for specific and general applications” (Ngu, 1992:28).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Public Sector: Child (1982) defined the
phrase public sector’ as “part or branch of a particular area of activity which
is owned by Federal State of Local Government or in which its agent have
controlling interest or shares. Cole (1990), from its view of normative
consideration as “government ministries, businesses, corporations or
organizations which are created by a necessary legislation or establishment
circular to provide services or product to the general population of people
without discrimination in order to promote welfare, social, economic and
political development. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">REFERENCES</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ademolekun
.L. (1978) Studies in Nigeria administration. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Ltd. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hornby,
C. (1975) Understanding organizational behaviour. Essex: Tailstock Ltd</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bakare,
C.C.M.(1977) Behavioral research. Ibadan: university of Ibadan Press</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Campbell,
J.P. (1970), Managerial behaviour performance & effectiveness. New-York <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>McGraw-Hill.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Child,
G.F.L, (1982), Organization. Sussex Harper & Row </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Cole,
G.A. (1990) Management theory & practice. London: DP Publications </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Deming,
M.(1967) Personnel management. Chicago: University of Chicago Press</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Drucker,
P.F. (1979) People & performance: the best of Peter Drucker on management, <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>London: Heinemann</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Eze,
N. (1981), “Motivation & employees productivity among Nigeria workers”. a paper
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>presented at the first “National
workshop on organizational behaviour & management”, <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>May 24 – 27 at the University of Ibadan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Federal
Republic of Nigeria (1987) Nigeria human resources development & utilization
a <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>final report prepared by the
United States Agency for international development, <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>under <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Contact No.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Aid/ Afri 85.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Federal
Republic of Nigeria (1999), History of federal ministry of finance Abuja a publication
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>of the federal ministry of
information & communication production publication & <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>documentation department. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ganon.
M.J. (1979) Understanding global cultures: metaphorical journeys through 17 <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>countries
Illinois: California. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ngu,
S.M. (1992), personnel management in Nigeria a monograph of the department of public
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>administration
A.B.U Zaria. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nwachukwu,
C.C. (1978) Increasing the productivity of Nigeria civil service employees: an <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>empirical research: a paper presented at
the first National seminar on <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>“manpower
policy & programmes” university of Nigeria Nsukka: Enugu <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>campus. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Obikeze,
O.S. & E.B. Obi (2005) Public administration in Nigeria a development approach<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Onitsha:
Book Point Publishing Ltd<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For the remaining chapters of this project contact, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Adefolarin Olamilekan</b> on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">08134232272,08073814436</b>.THE PRICE FOR
IT IS NOT EXPENSIVE.ORDER FOR YOUR PROJECT MATERAILS AND TOPIC,SOFT COPY WOULD
BE SENT TO YOU ONCE YOU PAY FOR<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>THE ONE
YOU ORDER FOR.THANKS</div>
Adefolarin Olamilekanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00999790251206403460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8685843216341238613.post-49105936465157484682016-09-14T06:02:00.003-07:002016-09-14T06:02:53.235-07:00“Local Government Administration and the Challenges of Corruption in Nigeria a case study of Karu Local Government Area Nasarawa Stat<h2 style="text-align: center;">
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<b>
</b><b>
</b></h2>
<br />
<div class="Section1">
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></span></b></h2>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">“Local Government Administration
and the Challenges of Corruption in Nigeria a case study of Karu Local
Government Area Nasarawa State</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b></h2>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ABSTRACT<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The study titled “Local Government Administration
and the Challenges of Corruption in Nigeria a case study of Karu Local
Government Area Nasarawa State” is aimed at finding out the impact of
corruption on local government administration in Karu local government Nasarawa
state. Local government as a tier of government is about the most important
tier of government particularly with its direct impact on the people at the
lowest strata of government. Governance at this level has always been
confronted with the ever recurring problem of scarce resources with which to
undertake development inclined projects needed for the upliftement of the lives
of the local people. The situation has now been made worse by the problem of
corruption at the local level. This research project work therefore looks at
the trend of corruption in the local government system why it is perpetrated
and its effect on governance at the grassroots level. In order to achieve the
objective, the research adopts survey design and questionnaire was used as an
instrument for the collection of data from a population of 100 respondents of
which 75 questionnaires were distributed of which 50 (65.2) were duly filled
and returned. Analysis was done using simple percentage methods of data
analysis for the research questions, while the hypotheses were analyzed using
the chi-square statistical analytical technique. The finding indicated that:
There is no significant positive relationship between corruption and
development on local government administration. The study recommends stronger
leadership, institutions and collective resolution of the people to deal with
the problems. The government must take proactive in area of development, growth
progress, decency and stability in the country. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">TABLE
OF CONTENTS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Title page</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Certification</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dedication</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Acknowledgement</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Abstract</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Table of content</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">List of figure</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Background to the study</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Statement of Research Problem</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Objectives of the study</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Research Questions</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Statement of Hypothesis</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Significant of the study</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Scope and Delimitation of the Study</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.8<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Definition of Terms </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">CHAPTER
TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Introduction</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Conceptual
Clarification </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Theoretical
Framework</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Literature
on the Subject Matter</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">CHAPTER
THREE: METHODOLOGY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Research
Design of the Study</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Population</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sample
size</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sampling
Technique</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Instrumentation</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Instrument
Validation</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.7<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Reliability
of Research Instrument</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.8<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Procedure
of Data Collection</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.9<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Method
of Data Analysis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">CHAPTER
FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Data
analysis, findings and discussion</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Findings
of the Study</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Discussion
of findings</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">CHAPTER
FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>RECOMMENDATIONS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">5.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Summary</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">5.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Conclusion
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">5.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Recommendation
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">5.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Suggestion
for further research </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bibliography</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Appendix 1: Letter of introduction</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Appendix II: Questionnaire </span></div>
</div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<div class="Section2">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The wave of popular pressures for political reforms
that spread across most developing countries in the period stretching from the
late 1980s to the mid-1990s culminated in the restoration and establishment of
the democratic institutions. In most countries, where, the transition to
elected government occurs, the most visible sign of the changes that took place
was the repositioning of the third tier of government to its proper position,
for the grassroots development. Indeed, general political reforms went hand in
hand with economic reforms. Thus, during the 1990s and beyond, a considerable
amount of discussion took place and centered on the question of good government
to improve the situation in the rural areas (Maidoki and Philip, 2009).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In Nigeria, the impact of government is felt more at
the grass root level, that is, where the majority of the people of the country
live. As a result, the local government level as the third tier of government
in the country is charged with the responsibility of delivery of governmental
services and making common- man feel the impact of the government that governs them.
Hence, there are quite of some duties and responsibilities that they discharge
as functions either at the constitutional level or as the sub- constitutional
level (Yahaya, 2009). In other words, the essence is to make the grass root or
local government administration also to witness development in their domain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Obikeze and Anthony (2004) argued that on the
surface, the commonest challenge that easily comes to the mind of scholars,
researchers, observers and administrators is the problem of finance. Funds are
just usually available in the quantities that can facilitate the easy
transformation of the local government areas. They point out that in Nigeria
federal system, the revenue of the government are usually shared among the
federal, state, and local government, with the local government areas getting
the least share of the statutory allocation. Various allocation of the federal
government is clear evidence here; yet, the responsibilities of local government
are increasing by the day with a growing expectation to perform at that level.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Unfortunately, however, the local governments are
equally coping with more serious challenges in their conduct as a tier of government.
This challenge also does contribute significantly to deterring or slowing down
the local government efforts, as so much of resources are lost through these
means. This research projectwills therefore, examines these challenges in
greater details, and also considers why they occur in the first place. It will
also examine their effects with respect to governance, and then, suggest ways
is they can be controlled.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Considering the important role of local government
administration to socio-economic and politicaldevelopment ofthe ruralareas,
it will be out of place, if the incidents of corrupt practices are not addressed.
It is obvious that achieving the objectives for which a local government was
created may be affected.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Local government is the third tier of government
saddle with development inclined projects need for the upliftement of the lives
of local people. Government at this level has been confronted with the ever-recurringproblems
of scarce financial resources with which to undertake development agenda. The situation
has now been made worse by the challenge of corruption at the local government
level.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Although, corruption exists on a global scale
involving large and small organizations, inNigeria, corruption has taken place
more in government circles. At the local government level, there are some
ofpractices that translate to corruption which in turn draw the local areas
backward. This goes a long way to reveal the lukewarm attitude of our political
elites towards anti – corruption crusade. Meanwhile, the reason for corruption
at the local government is not far fetch. One major reason is that, Nigerian
leadership is not transparent in all its deeds (IroIro, 2009).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">According to IroIro (2009), tackling corruption in
Nigeria demands that the political class should re-dedicate themselves to the
development of Nigeria by Nigerians. That class should be ready to sacrifice
their skills, talents and comfort for the real transformation of the country’s
agenda frommonoculture economy to a polycultural one. Maidoki and Philip (2008)
prescribed basic budget and financial management reform as critical elements of
efficiency in the area of service delivery to tackle corruption in local
government.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">However, it is pertinent to mention here that challenges
of corruption do not go without problems. Some of the problems this research
hope to address includes the following:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Do corruptions reduce the revenue base of
local government?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Do corruptions hinder statutory
responsibility of local government?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Does corruption lead to poor governance
and service delivery in local government?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Obviously, the above-enumerated problems will be the
focus of this research with a view to proffer solution, since corruption isnowconsidereda
hindranceto development in Nigeria’s local government administration.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.3
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The purpose of the study is to assess the extent to which
the challenge of corruption affects the local government administration. Itwill
also evaluate it, determine its effects on the processes of governance
successes and failures and discuss likely means by which they can be
controlled. The other objectives this research seeks to achieve are:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To determine the extent to which
corruption factors affect local government <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>administration
in Nigeria.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To ascertain the effect of corrupt
practices on the development projects at the Karu<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>local <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>government
area.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To determine the relationship existence
between corruption and local government <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>administration.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To make suggestions for policy
implication in the light of the findings of <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the
study.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.4
RESEARCH QUESTIONS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In this study, an attempt will be made to provide
answers to the following questions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>How does corruption influence local
government administration performance in <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nigeria?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What
is the relationship between corruption and local government <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>administrators?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To
what extent do corruptions affect Karu local government area?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What
are the available measures provided by the government to control and prevent <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>corrupt practices?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.5
STATEMENT OF THE HYPOTHESIS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The following hypothesis formulated would be tested
into help provide answers to the research questions:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hypothesis
One:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ho:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There is no significant relationship
between Karu local government area and <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>corruption.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">H<sub>1</sub>:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There is a significant relationship between
Karu local government <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>area and
corruption</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hypothesis
Two:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ho:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There is no significant correlation between
corruption and development on local government administration in Nigeria.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">H<sub>1</sub>:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There is a significant relationship
between corruption and development on local <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>government
administration in Nigeria.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.6
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The study findings will help to inform the
administrator of Karu local government area and other government authorities on
how to ensure prudent use of the fund, and the need for accountability to avoid
corrupt practices. The findings are also intended to help policy makers develop
and maintain governmental affairs, and provide a platform for transparency and
accountability in resources management. Finally, it is to aid policy makers, managers,
government authority to watch out for corrupt practices and to introduce
measures to control, such, and thus, be able to manage the scarce resources to
accommodate for project development at the local government level.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.7
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This study covers the local government
administration and challenges of corruption in Nigeria, using Karu local
government areas Nassarawastate. The study focused on the challenges corruption
posed to Karu local government as it affects development projects, the processes
of governance, and why it occurs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This study is delimitated to the available secondary
data from books and other sources such as the internetandlibraries. The primary
data collection was done using structured questionnaires. Out of the 75 questionnaires
distributed to the staff of Karu local government general staff and residents
of theKaru local government area, 50 were completely filled and returned. Also,
in a study of this nature funding is a problem especially against the fact that
it is carried out by a student with merger means.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.8
DEFINITION OF TERMS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Local
government</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">: A unit of administration with constitutionally
defined territory and powers and it is the tier of government closest to the
people.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Administration:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
The process and activity that involve controlling, organizing,andmanaging ofanorganization
.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Corruption:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
A dishonest action in the form pervasion of integrity or immoral acts.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Development:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
A progressive movement from lower to higher level.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Management:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
It is a prudent process of handling activities between personnel and resources
to achieve organization‘s goal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Transparently:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
This is the openness of government in the conduct of its activity that involves
the people.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Performance:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
This is the measure of the efficiencies with which inputs or resources are
utilized to create outputs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">REFERENCES</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Adewumi, J. B. and
Orewa, G.O (1983) Local government in Nigeria the changing scene, Benin,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ethiope
Publishing Corporation</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">IroIro, U (2009) The
political Economy of corruption Trends in Nigeria, in Journal of political </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Studies Vol. 1,
No. 2 p89 – 102 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Maidoki, P and Philip,
A. (2009); Local government as an agent of service delivery: A </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">comparativeanalysis
of developing countries and lesson for Nigeria.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">International<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Affairs
Quarterly. Vol 1</i> No 2 p 241 – 255.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Obikeze, O.S. and Anthony.
O.E. (2004).Public administration in Nigeria: A </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Developmental approach.
Onitsha, Nigeria: Book point ltd</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Yahaya .A.A (2009). Local
Government Administration and the challenges of crimesCorruption in Nigeria, in
journal of political and social studies Vol. 2, No. 2, p 12 – 18. </span></div>
Adefolarin Olamilekanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00999790251206403460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8685843216341238613.post-63269821976900430812016-09-14T05:48:00.003-07:002016-09-14T05:48:33.302-07:00AN APPRAISAL OF PUBLIC PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA: THE STUDY OF FEDERAL MINISTRY OF BUDGET AND NATIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">AN
APPRAISAL OF PUBLIC PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA: THE STUDY OF FEDERAL
MINISTRY OF BUDGET AND NATIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ABSTRACT</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The study is An Appraisal of Public
Personnel Administration in Nigeria, The Study of Federal Ministry of Budget
And National Planning Commission. It defines public personnel
administration<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the concern of the relationship that take
place in work place as it affect recruitment, welfare and retirement of workers
in all effort toward efficient and effective productivity in organization. The
research question addressed the extent of the relationship between public
personnel administration </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">relationship
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">between
Programmes and Federal Ministry of Budget and National Planning Commission. A
Descriptive Research design was used in executing the study using 75 randomly
selected respondents from a population of 250 employees for questionnaire
administration. However, 50 questionnaires were returned. In addition, there
were face to face interviews and collection of secondary data for the study.
The core aspect of the study is the use of chi-square statistically analytical
technique to analyze primary data obtained. Results from the data analysis
indicated that significant relationship exists between public personnel
administration </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">relationship
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">between
Programmes and Federal Ministry of Budget and National Planning Commission. The
research therefore concludes with recommendation encouragement of work teams,
training and re-training of employees, improvement of reward system and
improvement of internal communication channels.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">TABLE OF CONTENTS</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Title page <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Certification <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dedication <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Acknowledgement <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Abstract <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table of content <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">List of figures<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">CHAPTER<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ONE: INTRODUCTION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Background To The Study <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Statement Of Research Problem <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Objective Of The Study <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Research Question <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Statement Of Hypothesis <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Significant Of The Study <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Scope And Delimitation Of The Study <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.8<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Definition Of term <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>--<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">CHAPTER
TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Introduction <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Conceptual Clarification <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Theoretical Framework <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Literature on the Subject Matter <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">CHAPTER
THREE: METHODOLOGY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Research Design of the Study <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Population <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.3 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sample Size <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.4 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sampling Technique <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.5 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Instrumentation <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.6 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Instrument Validation <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.7 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Reliability of the Research Instrument -<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.8<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> Procedure for Data Collection <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.9 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Method of Data Analysis <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">CHAPTER
FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.1 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Results and Data Analysis -<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> Test of Hypothesis <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.3 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Discussion of Finding <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">CHAPTER
FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>RECOMMENDATION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Summary <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.2 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Conclusion<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.3 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Recommendation <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.4 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Suggestion for Further Research <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bibliography
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Appendix I: Letter of Introduction <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Appendix II: Questionnaire<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">INTRODUCTION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Personnel
administration is also popularly known as human resources management. People of
a country are an important asset for it, so is the case with organization. The
successful functioning of an organization depends on its manpower and quality
of leadership. The manpower itself does not contribute to the development of
all organization; it has to be converted into human resources through symmetric
planning, adequate training<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and proper
education. (Mutiuallah, 2014). For employees to satisfy organizational goals
irrespective Of their qualification or experience, they need to be trained,
retrained and developed within the context of the organization objective.
Development of human resources poses major challenge for developing countries
like Nigeria. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">With
the emergence of democratic institution and the welfare state, government as
well as corporate tasks are on a steep increase and so there is an increased
demand for personal at every levels in terms of efficient discharge of their
duties, and it is the job if the personnel administration department to ensure
that this demand is met at the right time with the suitable candidate. As
personal administration<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>deals with the
management of the human resources, the study of its concept, nature, scope and
development Assume importance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nwachukwu
(1988), argued that in economic terms, personnel administration contributes to
the accumulation of effective and efficient human<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>capital and its investment in the
development of an economy. Countries such as Japan, German, Korea, Italy etc.
are known to have attained high level of development<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>despite the absence of mineral wealth of any
significant. This personal administration of any nations is intricately
integration of any nations is intricately interwoven with her economic and
social development. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">One
important<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>reason for personnel
administration<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is that the task<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of government are increase every day development
and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>welfare orientation have led to the
expansion of government and its administrative machinery . As the tasks,
responsibilities and action ties of organizations whether public or private
multiply the demands of efficient dies charge of their duties also arise (Mutiuallah,
2014). This task of personnel administration is to ensure a steady source of
people who can contribute to the success of ann. organization and meet the
growing demands of development. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Many
organizations including the federal commission need employee who will
contribute effectively having the capacity of carrying out his or functions
compactly highly motivated with confidante and consistently more productive
than employee of equal physical ability. Some organizations have staff with
ability and determination marched with appropriate equipment and managerial
support yet productivity falls below expected standard. It against this
background that this research was conceited using Federal Ministry of Budget
and National Planning in Nigerian to carry out a thorough research on the
appraisal of public personnel administration in Nigerian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
Federal Ministry of Budget and National Planning Commission (the focus of the
research) was created as a result of the merging of government agencies at the
exception of President Mohammed Buhari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>administration in 2015. Before now it was only federal ministry of
national planning commission that exist as<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>a federal ministry while budget was incorporated into it to make the
ministry more strategic in affairs of Nigeria planning and financial
presidency. However the Federal Ministry of Budget and National Planning
Commission is in indelible mark period of contribution effectively to the
country development </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Consequently,
according to Deming (1968) agencies of regulation must themselves reregulate.
If the Federal Ministry of Budget and National Planning Commission is to
perform its functions satisfaction as the controller and manager of the funds
and development of the federation in this mille mum it should develop its work
force for the enormous challenges ahead </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.2
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
success of any organization depends very crucially on the efficiency and
effective use of unit’s skilled trained and productive employs. Therefore
public personal administration is an important aspect of human resources
management today. One important reason for public personal administration is
that the task of government are increasing every day that call for additional
and improved skill if workers and management. New jobs often required some new
skills, workers and development shift. Much organization including the federal
ministry of budget and national planning commission<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>need employee who will contribute effectively
having the capacity of carrying out his or her functions competently highly
pated with conference and consistent<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>more productive than an untrained employee of equal physical ability. An
untrained ill competent and lowly motivated employee is a threat to the
organization<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>some organization <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in Nigerian have employees with ability and
management public personal administration department , set productivity fall
below expected standard. The missing linking is in adequate development and
appraisal. From the foregoing analysis we are confronted with the following
problem for investigation and subsequent remedies:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 37.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The problem of declining productivity or low
quality output which are acquired through development of labor force </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 37.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">High
rate of labor turn over in organization which is caused by<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>frustration or inability or the organization
to motivate its labor force by mean of training and development and
unproductive<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>employee hates his work and
abandons it at the slightest provocation resulting from lack of motivation,
trading and development </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 37.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">There
is problem if transfer of learning. Some of the concepts and principles taught
in envelopment programmers are two academic or<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>explained in theoretical framework an very different to apply in real
life seduction or at work place </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 37.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">There
is a consequence of pooling system in which staffs that are trained in account
procedure and treasuring to management are transferred to other ministry or
department </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.3
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The objectives of this
research is to study and recommend ways in which public personal administration
can lead<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to higher productivity in the
Nigeria public sector in funeral<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and
federal planning commission particular </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Therefore the
objectives which these embodiments research record set to achieve can be stated
this: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To study the type of personal
administration programmed are les for staff in organization as and advise the
federal ministry of federal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ministry of
budget<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>national planning commission </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>study the benefits of public personal administration of federal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ministry of budget<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>national planning commission </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The identify the problem associated with
public personal administration with a view to recommend remedies as an expert
opinion </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To study effects of pooling<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>system involve the inter mums trial transfer
of staff of Federal Ministry of Budget and National Planning Commission to </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To identify the consequence of inadequate
human capital develop of employees in organization </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.4
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>RESEARCH QUESTION </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In this study, an
attempt will be made to provide answer to the following question </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">How does public personal administration
programmes influence staff if organization </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">What is the relationship between public
personal administration programmes and Federal Ministry of Budget and National
Planning Commission? </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To what extent do problem public
personal administration organization </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">What are the available benefits of
public personal administration to federal ministry planning commission? </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>STATEMENT
OF HYPOTHESIS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The following
hypotheses formulation would be tested to help provide answer to the research
question</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hypothesis
one</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ho:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Public Personnel Administration programmes
cannot lead to <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>increase <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Performance in the Federal Ministry of Budget
and National Planning <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Commission. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">H<sub>1</sub>:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Public Personnel Administration Programmes can
lead to Increase <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Performance in the
Federal Ministry of Budget and Nation Planning commission</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hypothesis
two:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ho:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There is a significant relationship
between public personnel administration <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>programmes
and Federal Ministry of Budget and National Planning <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Commission </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">H<sub>1</sub></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">:
There is no significant relationship between public personnel administration <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Programmes and Federal Ministry of Budget
and National Planning <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Commission </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.6
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This
study is an attempt to explore extent of the relationship between public
personnel administration relationship between Programmes and Federal Ministry
of Budget and National Planning Commission of a human resource practice
However, it is partly a not<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a new
subject for research in Nigeria. Looking towards all scholarly studies
completed in Nigeria, it is observed that there is insignificant research work
done on this subject matter and this has created a wide gap, which needs to be
filled up by the present and the near future human resource management
researcher, scholars and practitioners. Finally, it is to aid management of
public organization and agencies to embrace this scheme to better their
organizational productivity and growth, also be able to meet the challenges of
change in the future.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.7
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>SCOPE AND DELIMINATION OF THE STUDY </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
study is An Appraisal of Public Personnel Administration in Nigeria, The Study
of Federal Ministry of Budget And National Planning Commission. It defines
public personnel administration<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the concern of the relationship that take place
in work place as it affect recruitment, welfare and retirement of workers in
all effort toward efficient and effective productivity in public organization.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.8
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>DEFINATION OF TERMS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Productivity:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
This is a measure of the efficiency of production, that is of <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>production’s capability to create income,
which is measured by the formula real output value minus real input value.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Management:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
This is made up of top and middle level management. Top <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>management includes shareholders, boards of directors and managing director
while the middle <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>management
includes heads of department, managers, deputy and assistant managers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Top Management:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
This is management paradigm in which decision starts from <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>highest echelon to the lowest echelon of an
organization, the participation of employees in decision making extremely or
does not exist.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 13.5pt .25in 1.0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bottom-up management: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This
is modern management paradigm in which decision making starts from the lowest
echelon to the highest echelon of the <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>organization.
This encourages brainstorming between the management and the employees <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>before decisions are taken on a particularly
issues, sentiment it is called industries <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>democracy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Performance:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
This about employee input-output measured relationship. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Performance <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>is employee
productivity</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Motivation:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
This describes the level of desire workers feel to perform, regardless of the
level of joy or happiness.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Human
Capital:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> This refers to the skills, knowledge and experience
possessed by an individual, this formed the terms of terms of value or cost to <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>an organization.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">REFERENCES</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adamolekun,
L (1978) studies in Nigerian administration Ibadan: spectrum <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Book
Ltd </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adewumi,
W, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(1988) an introduction to business
administration Lagos <span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>Macmillan
(Nig) Ltd </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Deming,
L (1968) management theory and application London: Longman </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mutiuallah,
A., O (2014) Revisiting public administration With Advanced <span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>Attitude,
Abuja reading<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>book ltd</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Okechukwu,
E.U. (1994) Industrial Democracy in the Third World: A case study of <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nigeria and India, New Delhi South
Asian Publishers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Adefolarin Olamilekanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00999790251206403460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8685843216341238613.post-45564678381308204452016-09-14T05:26:00.000-07:002016-09-14T05:26:10.100-07:00 EMPLOYEES PARTICIPATION IN DECISION MAKING AND ORGANIZATIONAL PRODUCTIVITY :( THE STUDY OF ABUJA MUNICIPAL AREA COUNCIL (AMAC) ABUJA)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EMPLOYEES
PARTICIPATION IN DECISION MAKING AND ORGANIZATIONAL PRODUCTIVITY :( THE STUDY
OF ABUJA MUNICIPAL AREA COUNCIL (AMAC) ABUJA)</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ABSTRACT</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
study is a perception survey of employees’ participation in decision making and
organizational productivity in Abuja Municipal Area Council. It defines employees’
participation in decision making as a process of sharing influence in decision
making among individuals who are otherwise hierarchically unequal. It assumes
that involvement of employees in decision making increases their commitment and
organizational productivity. The research question addressed the extent of the
relationship between employee’s participation in decision making and increase
employed commitment and organizational productivity among some selected
entrepreneurs, managers and staff of various businesses and civil servants in
Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC). A descriptive research design was used in
executing the study using 75 randomly selected respondents from a population of
100 employees for questionnaire administration. However, 50 questionnaires were
returned. In addition, there were face to face interviews and collection of
secondary data for the study. The core aspect of the study is the use of
chi-square statistically analytical technique to analyze primary data obtained.
Results from the data analysis indicated that significant relationship exists
between employee’s participation in decision making and increased employee’s
commitment and organizational productivity. The research therefore concluded
that significant relatively, exists between employee’s participation in
decision making and organizational production in Abuja Municipal Area Council
(AMAC). Also we recommend among others: encouragement of work teams, training
and re-training of employees, improvement of reward system and improvement of
internal communication channels.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TABLE
OF CONTENTS</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Title page-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
i<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Declaration -<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-ii</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Approval page-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-iii</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dedication<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-iv<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Acknowledgement-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>--<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-v</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Abstract<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-vi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Table of contents<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-vii</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">List of Tables-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-viii</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CHAPTER
ONE<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Introduction<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Background to the study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Statement of Problem<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Objectives of the study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Research Questions<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Statement of the Hypothesis<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Significance of the study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.8<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Justification of the study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.9<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Scope of the Study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.10<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Definition of the study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CHAPTER
TWO<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Introduction<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Conceptual Framework-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Theoretical Framework-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Literature on the subject matter-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CHAPTER
THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Area of study-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Research Design-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sources of Data-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Study Population and Determination of
Sample Size-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Research Instrument<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Procedure for Data Collection-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Technique of Data Analysis-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.7<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Limitation of the studies<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CHAPTER
FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Data Analysis, Findings and Discussion-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Findings of the study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Discussion of the findings<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CHAPTER
FIVE: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Summary of findings<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Conclusions<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Recommendations<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Proposal for further reading<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bibliography<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Appendix I: Letter of Introduction<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Appendix II: Questionnaire<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>LIST
OF TABLES</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Figure
1……………………………………………………………………..14</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Figure
2 ……………………………………………………………………..16</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Figure
4.2- 4.12……………………………………………………………..25</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Figure
2 ………………………………………………………………….47-59</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CHAPTER
ONE OUTLINE</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Introduction</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Background to the study</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Statement of Problem</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Objectives of the Study</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Research Questions</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Statement of the study</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Significance of the study</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.8<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Justification of the study</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.9<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Scope of the study</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.10<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Definition of terms</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CHAPTER ONE </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 26.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -26.25pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>INTRODUCTION </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Employee’s
participation in organization decision making platform remains a key factor to
determining the performance of individuals and groups in an organization.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Organizational
productivity is the result of quality attributes of employees.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Employee’s
participation in decision making bring about commitment that leads to increased
productivity in various aspects of the organization effort of success.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
effect of employee’s participation in decision making of an organization cannot
be over emphasized, as employee’s participation in decision making can be
beneficial to any company in many ways such as improving commitment,
productivity, morale and harnessing internal resources and team work.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Any
organization that want a total commitment of their employee’s must give room
for employee’s participation in decision making and organization productivity
which is the essence of this research project work.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 26.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -26.25pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Participation
management is the practice of empowering employees to participate in
organizational decision making. This research grew out of the human relations
governance in the 1920s and is based on some of the principles discovered by
scholars doing research in management and organizational studies, such as the
Hawthorne effect (Dunlop, 1958). While senior managers still retain final
decision making authority when participatory management is practiced, employees
are encouraged to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>voice their opinions
about their working conditions in a safe environment protected from the
potential defensiveness of the middle managers who they might criticize (Imaga,
1994).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">According
to Adu-Amankwah and Kester (1999) in the 1990s, participatory management was
revived in a different form through advocacy of organizational learning
practices, particularly by clients and students. There ares some criticism of
participatory management particularly because of the difficulty of combining
this practice with a more financially oriented approach to restructuring that
may require downsizing. Above all, employee’s participation indecision making
can be beneficial to any company in many ways such as improving commitment,
productivity, morale and increasing internal resources and teamwork.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Apparently,
when employees are involved in making decisions, they gain professional and
personal stake in the organization and its overall success. This commitment leads
to increased productivity as employees are actively participating in various
aspects of the company and wish to see their effort succeed overall. This is
not only beneficial to company growth but is also on the job training for
workers. Thus increased in responsibility that expanded employees’ skills sets,
preparing them for additional responsibility in the future (Kester, Zammut and
Gold, 2002).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Noah
(2006) posited that actively engaging workers in the decision – making process
increased overall company morale. Many companies have a distinct separation of
power between management and workers; however active employee involvement
lowers that gap in the lines of communication between supervisors and
employees. As a functioning participant in the decision-making process,
employees understand their ideas are an important contribution to the company,
and give them the power to influence the out-come of their work, leading to
increased job satisfaction and a positive attitude, not only toward their
position but also to the company itself.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In
addition, using employees in the decision-making process, rather than out –
sourcing, saves money and also affects organizational productivity positively
when they are willing and committed to organizational goals. Willingness and
commitment can be exhibited by employees towards their job if they are involved
in decision making and participating in the affairs of the organization (Agwu
and Olele, 2014).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Employee’s
participation in decision making has been widely recommended as means of
improving the quality of work life. However, when considering employees
participation in decision making in the work place, one must differentiate
between two levels. The first is horizontal participation – involves interaction
between teams, co-workers, or peers. The second is vertical participation
(direct and indirect) – involves interaction with one’s superiors. Both types
of participation are important components of the quality of work life. An
organization which encourages both types will allow decision making at the
lowest feasible at hierarchical level.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In
short to achieve organizational productivity, employee’s participation in
decision making is imperative, if employees have this role to play as he/she
performed better in organizations. The main purpose of this study is to
investigate the workers participation in decision making and its impact on organizational
productivity. Organizations should focused more on employee participation in
decision making, as this will increase job satisfaction and a positive
attitude, not only toward their position but also to the company itself. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.3 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Theoretically,
employees’ participation in decision making is assumed to increased commitment of
the work force, thus leading to improved productivity. There are popular belief
that employees participation in decision making assures industrial harmony by creating
sense of ownership among employees, thereby leading to sustainable industrial
relationship between employers and employees. It is against this backdrop that
we carry out an empirical study on the theoretical proposition of the
relationship between employee’s participation in decision making and employee’s
commitment to the company’s mission and vision and its impact on organizational
productivity. This work is to find out the extent of convergence or divergence
between theory and practice in Abuja Municipal Area Council.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.4 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
purpose of this is to investigate the workers participation in decision making
and its impacts organizational productivity. The specific objectives of the
study are:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To determine the extent of the
relationship between decision making of employees’ <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>commitment and whether it increased employees productivity
in Abuja Municipal <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Area Council
(AMAC). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To determine the extent of the
relationship between employees participation in decision <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>making and organizational productivity.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To determine the challenges facing
employees participation in decision <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>making
within <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Abuja Municipal Area
Council (AMAC).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To make suggestions for managerial
policy implications in the light of the <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>funding
of the <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>study.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.5 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>RESEARCH QUESTIONS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In
this study, attempt will be made to provide answers to the following questions;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">i.
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Does any significant relationship
exist between employees participation in <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>decision
making and increased employees commitment in Abuja Municipal Area <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Council.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ii.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Does any significant relationship exist
between employees’ participation in <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>decision
making and increased organizational productivity?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">iii.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What are the challenges facing employees’
participation in decision making within <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Abuja
Municipal Area Council (AMAC)?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">iv.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What are the available incentives
provided by the employers to support employee <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>commitment
on decision making AMAC?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.6 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>STATEMENT OF THE HYPOTHESIS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In
order to justify the purpose of the study and make answers available to the
question raised, the following three hypotheses are formulated:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hypothesis one:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ho:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There is no significant relationship
between employees’ participation in <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>decision
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>making and increased employees
commitment in Abuja Municipal <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Area
Council <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(AMAC).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">H<sub>1</sub>:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There is significant relationship between
employees’ participation in decision making and <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>increased employees commitment in Abuja Municipal Area Council
(AMAC).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hypothesis Two:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ho:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">There
is no significant relationship between employees participation in <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>decision <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>making
and increased organizational productivity in Abuja <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Municipal Area Council <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(AMAC).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">H<sub>1</sub>:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There is significant relationship between
employees’ participation in decision making and <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>increased organizational productivity in Abuja Municipal Area
Council (AMAC).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hypothesis Three:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ho:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Employees participation in decision making
does not influence organizational <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>productivity.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">H<sub>1</sub>:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Employees participation in decision
making does influence organizational <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>productivity.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.7 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This
study is an attempt to explore the relationship of human resource practice (employees’
participation), with organizational productivity. However, it is partly a new
subject for research in Nigeria. Looking towards all scholarly studies
completed in Nigeria, it was observed that there are insignificant research
works done on this subject matter and this has created a wide gap, which needed
to be filled up by the present and the near future human resource management
research scholars. Finally, it is to aid management of business organization
and firms to embrace this scheme to better their organizational productivity
and growth, also be able to meet the challenges of change in the future.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.8 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
reason why the research is being conducted is to investigate the workers
participation in decision and its impact on organizational productivity using
Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC). The study is an empirical research of the
impact of participatory decision – making approach on workers commitment and
organizational productivity. This study is to explore the effect of this
approach since the demand and call for private enterprises is considered a
great source of organizational productivity better.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In
addition, this study is extremely important in the light of current Nigeria’s
government drive to revamp Nigerian economy by encouraging local production;
private business creation and economy diversification development policy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Moreover,
the study will provide recommendations on how to ensure employees participation
in decision – making for better and improved commitment to organization
productivity, human resources development and the achievement of organizational
goals. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.9<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>SCOPE
OF THE STUDY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
study investigates the employee’s participation in decision making and its
impact on organizational productivity using Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC)
as a study. The study basically is found out the extent of convergence or
divergences between theory and practice in the drive to achieving
organizational productivity.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.10<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>DEFINITION OF TERMS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">i.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Decision
Making:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> It is cognitive process resulting in the selection
of a belief or a <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>course <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>of action among several alternative
possibilities.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ii.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Commitment:</b>
The state or quality of being dedicated to a cause or activity.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">iii.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Productivity:</b>
This is a measure of the efficiency of production, that is of <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>production’s <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>capability
to create income, which is measured by the formula <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of real output value <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>minus <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>real input value.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">iv.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Management:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
This is made up of top and middle level management. Top <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>management <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>includes
shareholders, boards of directors and managing <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>director
while the middle <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>management
includes heads of department, <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>managers,
deputy and assistant managers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">v.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Top
Management:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> This is management paradigm in which
decision starts from <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>highest <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>echelon to the lowest echelon of an
organization, the participation of employees in <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>decision making extremely or does not exist.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">vi.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bottom-up
management: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This is modern management paradigm in
which <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>decision making starts
from the lowest echelon to the highest echelon of the <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>organization. This encourages brainstorming between the management
and the employees <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>before decisions
are taken on a particular issues where an sentiment industries democracy </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">vii:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Performance:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> This is about employee
input-output measured relationship. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Performance
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>is employee productivity.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">viii:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Motivation:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> This describes the level of desire
workers feel to perform, regardless of <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the
level of joy or happiness.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">xi:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Human
Capital:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> This refers to the skills, knowledge and experience
possessed by <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>an individual,
this formed the terms of terms of value or cost to an organization.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>REFERENCES</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adu-
Amankwah, .K. and Kaster, G. eds (1999). How to make democratic <span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>participation
a success: An African Trade Union <span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Challenge Rotterdam: Textua. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Agwu,
M. and Olele, J. (2014) Management practices Lagos: Link books <span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Publication.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dunlop,
J. (1958). Industrial Relations System. New York: Holt.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Imaga,
E.U. (1994)Industrial Democracy in the Third World: A case study of <span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nigeria and India, New Delhi South
Asian Publishers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Noah,
Y. (2006) Managing Business Environment in Nigeria, Lagos: AK printing <span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Company.</span></div>
Adefolarin Olamilekanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00999790251206403460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8685843216341238613.post-22888077564749075562016-09-02T08:19:00.002-07:002016-09-02T08:19:58.100-07:00 MOTIVATION: A MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITY AND A CATALYST FOR ENHANCE PRODUCTIVITY: A CASE STUDY OF PEUGEOT AUTOMOBILE NIGERIA KADUNA.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ABSTRACT</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
study is a perception survey of Motivation; Management Responsibility and Catalyst
for Enhance Productivity in Peugeot Automobile Nigeria Limited Kaduna. It
defines motivation as the drive that stimulates a person toward a direct goals
or target. It assumes that motivation of employees increase commitment and
enhances productivity. The research questions addressed the extent of the
relationship between employee’s motivation and increased employees commitment
and enhance productivity in Peugeot Automobile Nigeria Limited Kaduna, which is
the place of the study a descriptive research design was used in executing the
study using 200 randomly selected respondents from a population of 420
employees for questionnaire administration.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">However,
160 questionnaires were returned, in addition, there were face to face
interviewed and collection of secondary data about the company being studied.
The core aspect of the study is the use of cross-sectional survey research
design in generating the required primary data. Data collected were analyzed
usually descriptor and infernal statistics. Results from the data analysis
indicated that significant relationship exists between motivation and increase
employees commitment and enhance productivity. The research therefore concludes
that, significant relationship exists between employees motivation and enhance
productivity Peugeot automobile Nigeria limited. Also we recommend among others
encouragement of work teams, training and re-training of employee’s improvement
of reward system, improvement of internal communication channels.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">TABLE OF CONTENT</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Title Page <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>i</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Declaration<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ii</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Certification<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>iii</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Acknowledgement<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>iv</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Abstract<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
v</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Table of Content<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>vi</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -21.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Background<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Statement<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Objective Of The Study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Significant Of The Study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Research Question<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Research Hypothesis<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Scope And Limitations<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.8<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Definition Of Terms<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.9<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Organization Of The Work<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CHAPTER
TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Review
of related Literature<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.1.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Conceptual
Framework<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>History
of Peugeot Automobile Nigeria Ltd<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.2.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Current
Ownership Structure of PAN Limited -<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.2.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Local
Content Integration in Peugeot<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.2.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Challenges
Facing Automobile Industries in Nigeria<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Theoretical
Framework<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Introduction<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Research
Design<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Area
and Population of Study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sampling
Technique <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Instrument
for Data Collection<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Validity
of the Instrument<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.7<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Method
of Data Analysis<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CHAPTER
FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF RESULT.</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4.1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Introduction<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Demographic
Data-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Analysis
of some selected questionnaire -<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Test of
Research propositions-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Discussion
of the Findings-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CHAPTER
FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Summary<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Appendix<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>CHAPTER ONE</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">INTRODUCTION</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.1
Background</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Human
motivation studies are centered on discovery what it is that triggers and
sustain human behavior. While motivation as a practice entails empowering
employees to perform assigned tasks to meet or surpass predetermined standard.
This practice grew out of the human relations governance in the 1930s, and is
based on some of the principles discovered by scholars doing research in
management and organizational studies, such as the Hawthorne effect as a study
into physical conditions and productivity (Oyediran, 2008). While motivation as
encouraged employees to contribute their effort to organizational productivity
as well as voice their opinions about their working condition in a safe
environment, protected from the potential, defensiveness management
responsibility confronting productivity.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">According
to Salter (1960) the basic aim of any organization is to attain all goals,
which is the higher – level with least cost. Organizations have objectives
which are either to produce goods and services, make profit, distribute
service, impact and sustain positive relationship with their clients, target
groups and their environment. The achievement of the objectives of the
organization is dependent on the level of management responsibility to employees’
motivation, apart from the infrastructures and the work environment. Above all,
motivation can be beneficial to any company in many ways such as catalyst to
enhance productivity, commitment, morale and harnessing internal resources and
teamwork (Oyediran, 2008, Anumiri, 2014).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apparently,
when employees are motivated, they gain energy and satisfaction, as well as
personal stake in the organization and its overall success. This commitment
leads to increased productivity as employees are actively mobilize to satisfy
the basic derives, perceived needs and personal goals, which trigger employees
commitment toward various aspects of the company effort to succeed. This is not
only beneficial to company growth, but is also on-the-job to arouse impact on
job satisfaction for workers. This increase also performances and sustains
behavior and stimulating for action and desired task (Luthan, 1998, Oyediran
2008, Kester 2002).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adeyemi
cited in Mutiullah (2014) posited that there are basic assumptions of
motivation practices by managers which must be understood. First, that
motivation is commonly assumed to be a good thing. One cannot feel very good
about oneself if one is not motivated. Second, motivation is one of several
factors that go into a person’s performance (e.g., as a worker). Factor such as
ability, resources, and condition under which one performs are important. Third
managers and researchers alike assume that motivation is in short supply and in
need of periodic replenishment. Fourth motivation is a tool with which managers
can use in organizations. If managers known what makes these people “tick”. It
is clear from the foregoing that motivation remains part and parcel what
organization cannot do without. In proper perspective Olajide (2000) note that
motivation is whatever it takes to encourage workers to perform by fulfilling
or appealing to their needs. It is a goal-directed, and there organization
whether public, private or non-profit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In
addition, motivation employees influences their level of satisfaction and
commitment, as it affects organizational productivity positively when they are
willing and committed practice as management responsibility as part to
organizational goals. Willingness and commitment can be exhibited by employees
towards their job if they are motivated on the basis of what induce and sanitize
them to perform (Agwu and Olele, 2014, Anumiri, 2014).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Motivation
has been widely recommended as means of energizing force that induces or
composed and maintain behavior in order to improving the quality of work life.
However, when considering motivation in the work place one must differentiate
between two types. The first is intrinsic motivation that stems from rewards
that are whereat in the job itself and which the individual enjoy as a result
of successfully completing the task or attaining his goals. The second is
extrinsic in this motivation are those that are<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>external to the task of the job, such as pay work condition, fringe
benefits, security, promotions, contract of such, the work environment and
conditions of work. Such tangible rewards are often determined at the
organizational level, and may be largely outside their control of the
individual managers. Intrinsic motivation on the other hand are those reward
that can be termed psychological reward and examples are opportunity to use one
ability, a sense of challenge and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>achievement,
receiving appreciation, positive recognition and being treated in a caring and
considerate manner (McCormick and Tafflin, 1979, Mutiullah, 2014). Both types
of motivation are important component of the quality of work life. An
organization that encourages both types as well incorporate it into it
management responsibility will definitely enhance productivity at all levels.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
manufacturing sector in Nigeria has been a focal subsector, but little is
probably known about the level of motivation employees enjoy as a result of
management responsibility to enhance productivity. The particular attention in
manufacturing emanates from the conviction that the sector is a potential
instrument of modernization, a creator of jobs and generating of positive spill
– over effects (Tybout, 2000).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is
against the back drop that we carried out a research on the motivation,
management responsibility and a catalyst for enhance productivity using Peugeot
Automobile Kaduna as a case study.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2 Statement of the Problem.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peugeot
Automobile Nigeria Limited has had a chaquerred industrial relations history
since it made it manufacturing foray into Nigeria in 1971 after the country is
military leader at that time, General Yakubu Gowon choose Peugeot out of the 16
reputable vehicle – manufacturer companies in the world invited to submit a
proposal on establishing a vehicle assembly plant in the country. with the
commencement of production on March 2, 1975, top – down approach to decision
making in management responsibility was instituted by the management that
impact ordinary workers motivation of the company. This led to intermittent
industrial recriminations between workers and management culminating in
picketing and strikes over the years.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In
2006, the company was privatized under the Federal Government’s Privatization
Programme, which led to change in ownership structure and apparently management
team. An indigenous Motor Dealership ASD Motors Nigeria Limited acquired
dominant equity of 5487 percent. To promote the company for the competitive
challenges of the future, the management decided to adopt bottom –up
(participatory) approach to decision-making in management responsibility, thus
improving motivation of the employees in the productivity.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Theoretically,
motivation is assumed to increase commitment of the work-force, thus leading to
improved productivity. Secondly, there is popular belief the motivation assures
industrial harmony by creating sense of satisfaction among employees, thereby
leading to sustainable industrial relationship between employers and employees.
It is against this backdrop that we carry out an empirical study on the
theoretical propositions of the relationship between motivation as management
responsibility and a catalyst for enhance productivity in Peugeot Automobile
Nigeria Limited. These workers to out the extent of convergence or divergence
between theory and practice in Peugeot Automobile Nigeria Limited.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.3 Objectives of the study<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
purpose of the study is to investigate the motivation of worker in Peugeot
Automobile Nigeria Limited (PAN) and its impacts on organizational
productivity. The specific objectives of the study are:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To
determine the extent of the relationship between motivation and increased
employees commitment in Peugeot Automobile Nigeria.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To
determine the extent of the relationship motivation and enhance productivity.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To
make suggestions for management responsibility implication in the light of the
findings of the study.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.4 Research Questions</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">For
the purpose of this study, some questions has to be asked to help explain and
understand why this project topic was chosen, how well these questions are
answered will determined the whole project, a few questions include:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Does any significant relationship exist
between motivation and increased employees commitment in Peugeot Automobile
Nigeria Limited?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Does any significant relationship exist between
motivation and enhance productivity in Peugeot Automobile Nigeria Limited?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.5 Research Hypothesis<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 178.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In
order to ensure the objectives of the research and also provide answers to the
research problems, the following research hypotheses are formulated:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ho:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There is no significant relationship
between motivation and increased employees commitment in Peugeot Automobile
Nigeria Limited.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">H1:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There is significant relationship
between motivation and increased employees commitment in Peugeot Automobile
Nigeria Limited.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ho:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There is no significant relationship
between motivation and enhance productivity in Peugeot Automobile Nigeria
Limited.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">H1:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There is significant relationship
between motivation and enhance productivity in Peugeot Automobile Nigeria
Limited.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1.6
Significance of the Study</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">This
study attempt to explore the relationship of a human resource practice
(motivation), with employees’ commitment and enhance productivity, as well as
management responsibility in the process. However, it is partly a new subject
with trending perspective for research in Nigeria. Looking towards all
scholarly studies completed in Nigeria, it is observed that there is more
significant research work to be done on this research matter and this has
created a wide gap, which needs to be filled up by the present and the future
human resource management research scholars.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Furthermore,
the research would be of extreme significant to Peugeot Automobile Nigeria
Limited as it is tuning a corner in automobile manufacturing with the help from
Federal Government support for domestic automobile companies. It will basically
help them to fine – tune their current human resources plan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.7 Scope and Limitations<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">This
study is limited to Peugeot Nigeria Limited Kaduna, Nigeria as a case study.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">There
is limited access to information in Peugeot Nigeria Limited office for the
research work.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Also,
a study of this nature, funding is a problem and there is limited fund
available for the research work.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.8 Research Methodology</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
objective of this research is to answer the research questions with the
appropriate research methods. The survey research design is employed for the
purpose of this study in order to collect sufficient amount of primary data.
Primary data will be collected via distributed questionnaires to a sample size
of 200 respondents for the study data collected will be analyzed using
chi-square statistics tool and Simple percentages. These statistical tools will
be used to test hypotheses formulated for the study.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
study also utilized secondary source of data (content analysis). Secondary data
are obtained from journal, published books, reports, Newspaper, internet and
archives etc. for relevant and cogent findings of this research.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.9 Definition of Terms</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Motivation:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Factor responsible for given human behavior a satisfaction.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Productivity:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
This is a measure of the efficiency of production that is of production capability
to create income, which is measured by the formula of real output value minus
real input value.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Management:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
This is made up of top and middle level management. To management includes
shareholders, boards of directors managing directors, while the middle managing
includes heads of department, manager, deputy and assistant managers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">IV.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Responsibility:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
This refers to an obligation to do something.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>V.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Commitment:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
The state or quality of being dedicated to a cause or activity.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">VI.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Employee:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Men and women working for a company as employed to earn salary.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">VII.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Employers:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
People that employ workers to do a job for them so that they can be paid.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .75in 182.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.10 Organization of Study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .75in 182.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
research will be organized into five chapter made up as follows:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .75in 182.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Chapter
one: This chapter will be made up of the introduction, statement of problem,
objectives, research question, hypothesis, significance, scope and limitation,
research methodology, definition of terms and organization of the study.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .75in 182.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Chapter
Two: Chapter two will be concerned with the research literature reviews,
relevant to the study as while theoretical framework.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .75in 182.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Chapter
Three: This chapter deals with the research methodology, research design and
the instrument used in the investigation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .75in 182.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Chapter
Four: The chapter focuses on data presentation and analysis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Chapter Five: This chapter will comprise of the
summary, conclusion, recommendation and areas for further research</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">FOR THE REMAINING CHAPTERS (1-5) OF THIS PROJECT
CALL 08134232272,08073814436</span></div>
<br />
Adefolarin Olamilekanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00999790251206403460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8685843216341238613.post-30099019503205442592016-09-02T07:57:00.003-07:002016-09-02T07:57:28.390-07:00 THE EFFECT OF OWNERSHIP CONCENTRATION ON CORPORATE PERFORMANCE: A CASE STUDY OF COCA – COLA (NIGERIAN BOTTLING COMPANY PLC<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">THE
EFFECT OF OWNERSHIP CONCENTRATION ON CORPORATE PERFORMANCE: A CASE STUDY OF </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">COCA
– COLA (NIGERIAN BOTTLING COMPANY PLC.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ABSTRACT</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The
study is a perception survey effect of concentration on corporate performance
in Coca Cola Nigeria Bottling Company Plc. It defines ownership concentration
in corporate performance as a process that facilitate influence among
individuals when are otherwise key to company success. It assures that
ownership concentration involvement enhance efficiency in corporate performing.
The research question addressed the extent of the relationship ownership
concentration in corporate performance in Coca Cola Nigerian Bottling Company
Plc, which is the place of the study. While the duration of study is between
April and January 2016. A descriptive research design was used in executing the
study using 200 randomly selected respondents from a population of 6,141
employees for questionnaire administration. However, 160 questionnaires were
returned. In addition, there were face to face interviews and collection of
secondary data about the company being studied. The aspect of the study is the
use of cross – sectional survey research designed in generating the required
primary data. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential
statistics result from the data analysis indicated that significant
relationship exist between ownership concentration and corporate performance.
The research therefore concludes that significant relationship exist between ownership
concentration and corporate performance in Coca Cola Nigerian Bottling Company
Plc. Also we recommended among others: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>encouragement of work teams, improvement of
reward system, improvement of reward system, encouragement of promote share
holding, improvement in internal communication chemicals, creating a healthy
operating environment and training and re-tray of employees.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keywords:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Ownership Concentration,
corporate performance corporate governance, Coca Cola Nigeria Bottling Company
Plc Ownership, Profitably Employees.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">TABLE OF CONTENT</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Title
page</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Declaration</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Approval
page</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dedication</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Acknowledgement</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Abstract</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Table
of Content</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Abstract</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">CHAPTER ONE:</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">INTRODUCTION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Background
of the study-<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Statement
of the problem-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Objectives
of the study-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Research
Questions-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Research
Hypotheses-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Significance
of the study-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Scope
and Limitation of the study-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.8<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Research
Methodology<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.9<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Definition
of Terms-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.10<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Organization
of the study-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">CHAPTER
TWO:</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">REVIEW
OF RELATED LITERATURE</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Review of Related Literature-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Theoretical Background-<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>History of Coca Cola Nigeria Bottling
Company Plc-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.3.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Company Overview-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.3.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Current Ownership Structure of -<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Coca
Cola Nigeria Bottling Company Plc-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.3.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Annual Production of NBC Plc-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.3.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Challenges Facing Beverages Industries in
Nigeria-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">CHAPTER THREE:</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Introduction (Background)-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Research Design-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Population of the study-<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sampling Technique -<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Instrument for data collection-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Validity of the instrument-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.7<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Method of Data Analysis -<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">CHAPTER FOUR:</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF
RESULT.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Distribution of responses -<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.1.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Range of service experience of the respondents-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.1.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The means responses on the relationship </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">between
ownership concentration and corporate </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">performance
in Coca Cola Nigerian Bottling Company Plc -<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.1.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Goodness – of – fit chi-square-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.1.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The means of responses on the relationship </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">between
ownership concentration and</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">enhance
official in corporate performance in </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Coca
Cola Nigerian Bottling Company Plc. -<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Summary and Findings<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Conclusion<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Recommendation-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bibliography-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Appendix 1-<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Appendix 2-<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Appendix 3-<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">CHAPTER ONE</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">INTRODUCTION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Background
of the Study</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ownership
concentration is one side of the concept ownership structure. The concept of
ownership structure can be defined along two dimensions: (i) ownership
concentration, (ii) ownership mix. The former refers to the share of the
largest owner and is influenced by absolute risk and monitoring costs,
while<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the latter is related to the
identity of the major shareholders such as ownership concentration, foreign
ownership domestic ownership, etc (Nguyen et al, 2015). According to classens
and Djankov cited in Nguyen etal (2015), the overall concentration of ownership
as well as particular types of investors (ownership concentration and ownership
mix) are responsible for the changes in profitability and labour productivity.
The research of sun and Tong (2003) showed that state ownership having negative
impacts on firms performance in China; While foreign ownership does not show
uniformly strong, positive impacts on firms performance, can be beneficial in
many ways such as improving commitment productivity, morale and harnessing
internal resources and teamwork.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Apparently,
as ownership concentration is believed to influence performance. Banz (1981)
had found that ownership and size have an effect on firm performance. May make
big effects on business incentives, merges and acquisition, competition and
oversight of agency. The exist as a substantial fact on whether and how the
effect of ownership concentration on corporate performance. This as informed
the subject as an important and ongoing debate in the corporate environment.
Uwalomiva and Olamide (2012) have studied the relationship between ownership
concentration with the performance of the 31 companies operating in Nigeria
financial sector in the period 2006 – 2010. By using regression models with
dependent variable is the rate of return on total assets, the independent
variables are the rate of ownership of shareholders (members of board of
Directors), the rate of ownership of foreign shareholders has shown that (1)
the company has shareholders as members of the Board of Directors will better;
(2) the foreign shareholders would also bring positive results in the company’s
operations, due to the company management more efficient, and to the skills and
new techniques.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Furthermore,
Clerk and Wojcik (2005) had argued that high ownership concentration indicate a
more closed corporate governance regime, with less information available to
outside investors and a high potential for insider trading, companies with more
closed corporate governance tend to exhibit more votatile stock market prices.
In brief high ownership concentration tends to inhibit corporate stock market
returns. Continuing the study, clerk and Wojic, (2005) examined the financial
valuation of a German model. The relationship of ownership concentration and
firm performance ownership concentration and market performance were studied
would encourage a long-term competitive and investment strategy. They show that
financial markets discount ownership concentration and there is a significant
negative relationship between ownership concentration and the average daily
rate of return.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">In
addition, common evidence showed in developed countries like the U.S. and U.K,
nations like central and Eastern Europe or in developing countries (Gedajlovic
and Shapiro 1998). One reason might be the fact that many developing economics
are characterized by considerable family ownership listed corporations
(Claessens et al 2000). And also emerging markets have different characteristic
such as different political, economic and institutional conditions, which limit
the application of developed markets empirical models.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">In
developing countries, micco et al (2004) identified a strong relationship
between ownership that state – owned banks tens to have lower profitability
than their private counterparts, and foreign – owned banks tend to be
characterized by higher profitability. Kwuri (2013) studies the effects of
ownership concentration on Banks profitability in Kenya. The result showed that
ownership concentration is negatively correlated with bank profitability. The
Foreign ownership and the domestic ownership are also positive correlated with
bank profitability.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ownership
concentration has been widely studied and found to have effect on corporate
performance. However, the effect on corporate performance could showed a
negative effect, as while as positive effect. significantly ownership
concentration types also play an imperative role in this, such as institutional
individual, government and foreign ownership. They suggest to us the nature of
ownership structure, shareholding as important in determine the ownership
concentration on its performance. The particular attention in manufacturing
emanates from the conviction that the sector is a potential instrument of
modernization, a creator of jobs and a generator of positive spill – over
effects (Tybout 2000), It against this background that we carried out a
research on the effect of ownership concentration on corporate performance
using Coca- Cola Plc as a case study.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Statement
Of The Problem</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Due
to the current rate of business failure there is an unsurge of interest to no
why some company succeed and why some fails. As the critical life wire of a
company, how can ownership concentration properly value? Also, what effect does
ownership concentration play in enhancing corporate performance and managerial efficiency
of a corporate organization? many business organization due to lack of proper
ownership concentration control has suffered great losses. some companies have
gone under due to the negative impact on either corporate performance under –
performance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The
aim of ownership concentration is to ensure significant monitoring cost and
minimize risk, whilst at the same time maintaining profitability and labour
productivity. Clearly, there are some problems in having either too little
ownership concentration or high ownership concentration. Basically, there are
effect of ownership concentration on corporate performance. these<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are competitive and investment strategy,
profitability, return on assets, return on equity, productivity, profitability
and managerial efficiency.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">This
research work intend to examine the effect of ownership concentration on
corporate performance levels. This work however, intends highlight the probable
solution to problems arising from negative impact of ownership concentration.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hence,
for corporate performance to excel in improved productivity, increase
commitment of the work force, profitability and managerial efficiency, there is
need for ownership, concentration to ensure relationship that favour changes in
profitability and labour productivity. There is also a need for a relationship
to exist between ownership structure, ownership concentration efficiency of a
corporate performance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Theoretically,
ownership concentration over company is assumed to increase commitment of on
the part of management control, this leading to improved productivity. Secondly
there is popular belief that ownership concentration has a way of assuring
industrial harmony by creating positive correlation with profitability, thereby
leading to sustainable performance and by incentive that rob on industrial
relationship between ownership structure, size of the board of directors,
managerial shareholding and employees. It is against this backdrop that we
carry out an empirical study on the theoretical proportion of the effect of ownership
concentration on corporate performance, using Coca-Cola Plc as a case study.
This work is to find out the extent of convergenence or Divergence between
theory and practice in Coca – Cola Plc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Objective
of the Study</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The
General Objectives of the study is to determine the effect of ownership
concentration has on corporate performance with a view to suggesting some
measure of improving corporate performance, profitability and managerial
efficiency.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">To
meet it general objective, the study will focus on the specific objectives:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">To
inquire the effect of ownership concentration in Coca – Cola Bottling Company
Plc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">To
find out the level of ownership concentration in Coca – Cola Nigeria Bottling
Company Plc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">To
ascertain the impact of owner concentration on Coca – Cola performance and
managerial efficiency.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iv.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">To
suggest better ways of achieving ownership concentration. Thus achieving good
performance for owner’s shareholders, management and employees.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">To
determine the problems associated with ownership concentration at Coca – Cola
Nigeria Bottling Company Plc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Research
Questions</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Does
ownership concentration affect corporate performance?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Does
ownership concentration affect management decision making?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">How
consistent do ownership concentration affect corporate performance?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">What
are the problem associated with ownership concentration in Coca – Cola Nigerian
Bottling Company Plc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ownership concentration motivate
increase corporate performance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.5 Research Hypotheses</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">In
order to ensure the objectives of the research and also provide answers to the
research problems, the following research hypotheses are formulated:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ho:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There
is no significant relationship between ownership concentration and <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>corporate performance in Coca-Cola NBC
Plc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There is significant relationship between ownership concentration
and <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>corporate <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>performance in Coca-Cola NBC Plc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ho:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There
is no significant relationship between ownership concentration and enhance
efficiency in corporate performance in Coca-Cola NBC Plc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hi:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There
is significant relationship between ownership concentration and enhance
efficiency in corporate performance in Coca-Cola NBC Plc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.6
Significance of The Study</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The study is an attempt to
explore the effect of ownership concentration on corporate performance. However
it is partly a new subject for researches in Nigeria. Looking towards all
scholarly studies completed in Nigeria, it is observed that there is
insignificance research work done on this subject meter and this has created a
wide gap, which needs to be filled up by the present and the future human
resources management scholars.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Furthermore, this research will
show the significance of ownership concentration and their effect on manage
efficiency, profitability and organizational productions. This will help the
management of coca-cola plc, the government, manufacturing and merchandizing
company, individuals, researchers and other interested persons who may wish to
carry out a researcher on ownership concentration.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.7 Scope And Limitation Of The
Study</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The study is limited to coca-cola
plc, the available secondary date and other sources such as internet,
libraries, journal, newspaper and primary date collected by means of structured
questionnaires.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The researches of this mequitude
is not without some limitation. The speed and cost of getting materials/ date
have limited effect on the study, to this end, the bottleneck associated with
getting materials from coca-cola plc actually slowed drummed date guarding and
analysis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The above limitation does not
however in anyway nullify the validity and reliability of the reclusion that
have been researched in this research, it only makes room for unavoidable
errors.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.8 Definition of Terms:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ownership:
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The people who
have some thing to themselves. That is being the founder or creator of a
business entity or business enterprise, even a building.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ownership
Structure:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> This
entail owner ship concentration and ownership mix in the form of shareholders,
identify of major owners, mountoricy cost risk and corporate governance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Corporate
Performance: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The
act sign which an organization systematically does it business excellently.
This also entails an effective result.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Corporate
Governance:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> The
putting a machine that ensure effective direction and controlled of business.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Management:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> This is made up of top and
middle level management. Top management includes shareholders, board of
directors and managing director, while middle management includes heeds of
department, manager deputy and assistant.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Profitability: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The platform that ensure a gain
from doing selling or doing business. That is making a lot of financial
monetary gain in non- monetary gain but impact full.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Institution: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">This entail a large organization
such as a corporate entity engage in commercial ventures.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Commitment:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> The state of quality of being
dedicated to a cause or activity.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Productivity: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">This means a measure of the
affiance of production, that is of production’s capability to create income,
which is measured by the formula reel output value virus reel input value</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Section Making:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> This is cognitive process result
in the selection of a belief or course of action among several alternative
possibility.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.9
Organization of The Study</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The research will be organization
into five chapters made up as follows:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Chapter One: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">This chapter will be made up of
the introduction, statement of problem, objective, scope, significance,
definition of terms and the organization of the study.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Chapter Two:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Then cover the reviews of
related interties, that is what has alertly been written and said about
ownership concentration and its relevance to corporate performance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Chapter Three: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">This chapter deals with the
researcher methodology, that includes researches design, sources of date,
method of date analysis, questionnaire design and administration e.g.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Chapter Four:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> This chapter put formed
discussion on date presentation and analysis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Chapter Five:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> This is the final chapter and it
comprises of the summery, conclusion and recommendation and areas for further
researcher.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">FOR TREMAINING CHAPTER OF THIS
PROJECT (1-5) CALL 08073814436,08134232272</span></div>
Adefolarin Olamilekanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00999790251206403460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8685843216341238613.post-1056992906189672092016-09-02T07:23:00.001-07:002016-09-02T07:23:51.095-07:00THE IMPACT OF PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL ON ORGANIZATIONAL PRODUCTIVITY: A CASE STUDY OF ZENITH BANK PLC ABUJA REGIONAL HEADQUARTERS<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">THE IMPACT OF PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL
ON ORGANIZATIONAL PRODUCTIVITY: A CASE STUDY OF ZENITH BANK PLC ABUJA REGIONAL HEADQUARTERS</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ABTSRACT</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Work performance are appraised and validated
periodically. Organizational performance when and its resultant efficiency and
effectiveness can only be achieved when individuals are continuously appraised and
evaluated. The<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>inability<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of organization to install an effective
performance appraisal; strategy<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>has<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hindered the from achieving competitive
advantage<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>which they<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>require<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>more now<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>than<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ever<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>before. The fundamental aim of performance appraisal is to assist
workers to discover their weakness and strengths, which therefore assist employers
to make some crucial decisions on how to distribute organizational resources
and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>effort, based on the benefit each
employer requires. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of
performance evaluation on organizational productivity, data used were sourced
both from primary and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>secondary
sources. Questionnaires were distributed to a selected staffs Zenith Bank Plc
Abuja Regional Headquarters, who were interviewed questionnaire administered <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to ensure objectivity and reliability of data
obtained. Secondary data were collected by consulting existing materials, such
as reports and publications, textbooks and the internet. The<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>data Chi-square<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>statistical <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tool was employed during<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>course of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>this<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>research, a few<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>findings<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>were made which<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>revealed<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>workers need<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to be<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>motivated, pursuant to achieving organizational
goals. It is concluded that <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>performance
appraisal helps in identifying the strengths and weakness of employees by way
of recognizing and rewarding hard work and efficiency or punishing for poor
performance. The study recommend that organizational performance criteria
should be done accurately to improve productivity where corrective measures are
necessary and are taken.</span></i></div>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></i>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TABLE OF CONTENTS</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Title
Page <span style="mso-tab-count: 11;"> </span>i</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Declaration<span style="mso-tab-count: 11;"> </span>ii</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Certification<span style="mso-tab-count: 7;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>iii</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dedication<span style="mso-tab-count: 11;"> </span>iv</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Acknowledgements<span style="mso-tab-count: 9;"> </span>v</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Abstract<span style="mso-tab-count: 11;"> </span>vi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Table
of Contents<span style="mso-tab-count: 10;"> </span>viii</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CHAPTER ONE: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.1
Background of the Study ……………………………………………<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.2
Statement of the Problem ……………………………………………<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.3
Research Questions …………………………………………………<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.4
Objectives of the Study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>…………………………………………<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>6</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.5
Research Hypothesis<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
……………………………………………….<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>6</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.6
Significance of the Study <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>………………………………….……..<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>6</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.7
Scope and Limitations of the Study………………………………..<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>7</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.8 Definition of Terms<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>……………………………………………….<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>7<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 1.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CHAPTER
TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">2.1
Introduction……………………………………………………….<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>9</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">2.2.1
Job Description and Specification …………………………<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">2.2.2
Performance Evaluation<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>…………………………<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>……………<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">2.2.3
Performance Evaluation in A Management Context<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>…………<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>12<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">2.2.4
Performance Management Process ……………………………<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>14<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">2.2.5
Objectives of Performance Evaluation<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>…………………………<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>19<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">2.2.6
Effects of Performance Evaluation ……………………………<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>22<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">2.2.7
Procedures for Evaluating Performance Appraisal<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>……………<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>24</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.2.8
Methods of Performance Evaluation ……………………<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>……..<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>26</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.2.9
Types of Appraisals …………………………<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>………………….<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>27</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.2.10
Methods of Performance Evaluation in Special Situation<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> ………<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>28</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.2.11
Performance Review/Outcomes ………………………………..<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>29</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">29.2.2.12
Benefits of Performance Evaluation<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
…………………………<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>30</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.2.13
Detriments to Effective Performance Evaluation ……………<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>31</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.3.
Empirical Literature on Performance Appraisal…………………<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>31</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.3.1
Performance Appraisal and Staff Development<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>……………<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>35</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.3.2
Performance Appraisal and Organizational Productivity………<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>39</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.4
Theoretical Framework………………………………………….<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>42</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.4.1
Theory of Staff Development<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>………………………………..<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>42</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.4.2
Theory of Organizational Productivity …………………………<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>43</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Summary<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>…………………………<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>………………………….<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>47</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">3.6.3
Introduction…………………………………………………………… <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>48</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">3.2
Research Design ………………………………………………………<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>48</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">3.3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Method of Data Collection………………………………………….<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>48</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">3.4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Population and Sampling
Technique…………………………………<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>49</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">3.5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Method of Data
Analysis…………………………………………….<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>49</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">3.6<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Justification of the Technique ………………………………………….<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>59</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">3.7<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Summary……………………………………………………………….<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>50</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">C<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">HAPTER FOUR:</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Introduction
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">………………………………………………………………
..<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>51</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.1
Data Presentation <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">………………………………………………….<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>51<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">4.1.1
Respondents Response by Sex …………………………………………<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>51</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">4.1.2
Respondents Response by Age Distribution ………………………………<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>52</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">4.1.3
Respondents Response by Marital Status ………………………………….<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>53</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">4.1.4
Respondents Response by Educational Qualification ………… ………<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>53</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">4.1.5
Respondents Response by Cadre/ Level in the Bank……………………<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>53<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">4.1.6
Respondents Response by Length of Service ……………………………<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>53</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">4.2 Data
Analysis ………………………………………………………………….<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>54</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">4.2.1 Performance
appraisal has significant impact </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">on
organizational productivity………………………………………………<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>54<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">4.2.2 Is
performance appraisal and evolution necessary for staff career and </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Organization
growth?...........................................................................<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>54</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">4.2.3
Are the bank’s employees carried along in the performance appraisal </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Process?.....................................................................................................<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>55 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">4.3
Testing of Hypothesis ………………………………… …… </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>55</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.4
Discussion of Finding …………………………………………<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>55</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.5
Summary…………………………………………………… <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>60<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">CHAPTERFIVE:</span></b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">SUMMARY,CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATIONS</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.1 Summary……………………………………………………<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>…….<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>61</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.2 Conclusion………………………………………………………..<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>62</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">625.3 Recommendations. ……………………………………………………
62</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.4
Suggestions for Further Studies <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>…………………………………
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>63<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Biography</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Appendix
I<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Appendix II<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CHAPTER ONE</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">INTRODUCTION</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.1 Background of the Study</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Organizational
performance and its resultant efficiency and effectiveness can only be achieved
when individuals are continuously appraised and evaluated. The inability of
organization to install an effective performance appraisal strategy has
hindered them, from achieving competitive advantage which they require more
than ever before. Appraisal processes are not systematic and regular and often
characterized by personal influences occasioned by organizations preoccupation
to use confidential appraisal system which hinders objectivity and fairness.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In every well organized business
outfit, work force performance, is appraisal and validated periodically. It is
a process of comparing expected performances, with actual performance. The
overall goal of performance management is to ensure that the organization and
all of its subsystems (processes, departments, teams, employees, etc.) are
working together in a way that efficiently contributes to achievement of the
organization’s goals. This reminds us that being busy is not the same as
producing results. Good performance redirects efforts away from busyness
towards effectiveness.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Thus, all over the place employees
have always been reckoned the most valuable and important resource of the
business. It is on employee that the</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Success
or failure of any organization anchors. When they perform their duties well,
the result is success but when they perform badly, its result to failure. It
important that jobs well coordinated with one another, and that the right
calibers of people occupy the right position and are given adequate training,
as well as paid commensurate remuneration.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">We
quickly note here that these do not single handedly assure efficiency, good job
descriptions and job specifications are excellent helpful tools in achieving tasks
but do not on their own guaranteed best possible selection and assignment of
employees to jobs and responsibilities, nor assure that they are trained and
paid properly. Rather good job descriptions, clearly stipulated and formulated
job specifications would enhance selection, training and remuneration
decisions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Performance
appraisal cannot be meaningful without an insight to what is happening within
the frame work of the job analysis. Then we ask, what is job analysis Job
analysis therefore simply means the evaluation of the attributes of a job that
make it possible to achieve its desirable performance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">According
to Ajuogu (1995), Job analysis is an examination of the facts concerning the
content, duties, responsibilities and process in each job, and the type of
workers and personnel needed to do job. In furtherance, Fagbohunge and Longe (1994)
have said that it is the systematic study of the duties, responsibilities,
requirement, and skills, of a job. It includes identifying the relevant aspects
of a job with respect to its duties, responsibilities, techniques, procedures,
and instruments, as well as general working condition. It involves job
descriptions and job specifications. Normally, it is only when we ascertain a
job that we can determine the type of persons or staff to do it, how to train
such staff, as well as appraise his/her performance and/or remunerate him
commensurably for achieving or completing it. The information got from the
processes of job analysis both forms the basis for designing and administering
job description and job specification on one hand and performance evaluation on
the other hand.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Understanding the
definition of performance appraisal would enable us lay a solid foundation to
capture what the concept of performance appraisal is all about.alo (1999)
defines performance appraisal as a process involving deliberate stock taking of
the success, which an individual or organization has achieved in performing
assigned tasks or meeting set goals over a period of time. It therefore shows
that performance appraisal practices should be deliberate and not by accident.
It calls for serious approach to knowing how the individual is doing in
performing his or her tasks.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A
sound appraisal system must be fair and acceptable to all parties and based on
guidelines already established by the management on what is expected, regarding
all processes employees follow, in pursuant to achieving organizational
objectives. Normally, when goals are set for employees and the entire
organization, the necessary resources are provided. So, evaluations are based
on opportunities and resources available to perform the assigned task as
defined by management. Appraisal is therefore, a process which involves judging
the worth quality and/or condition of a situation/activity or object and
assessing its value. Thus, effective human resources management is important
for an organization to establish a good and proper performance appraisal
system, which forms the anchor for purposeful stocktaking and further
development of the workforce.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">We require a systematic
consideration and appraisal of professional opinion when considering which
doctor/surgeon to hire for a major operation. Such opinion will review and
consider information regarding the professionalism and quality of the
reputation of such surgeons including skills, knowledge, patience, care etc. this
requires a systematic evaluation of relevant and essential factors in order to
make a rational judgment. The process of appraising an employee’s worth must be
systematic, in order that the appraiser arrives at a rational judgment, without
depending on his personal whims and caprices.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The objectives of both employees
and the organization should not conflict, but must obey the management
principles which states that personals goals must be subsumed into
organizational goals. When this happens, then employees’ performance can be
fairly evaluated. Managers have the responsibility to appraising the performance
of their subordinates with the aim of assessing their characters, attitudes and
potentials, as well as performances on the job. This function has often been referred
to as performances on the job. This function has often been referred to as
performances “Appraisal” “rating” or “evaluation” no matter the name, the
purpose of this activity is to evaluate the employee’s strength and weakness,
focusing on their needs for improvement and further development. The aim of
employee appraisal is to obtain information for promotion, demotion and
transfer, pay, increase, training and development and disengagement. for the
employee, appraisal gives him feedback on how management perceives his
performance and this is expected to be fair enough, but if he is unjustly
poorly evaluated, it could affect his morale, and result in job dissatisfaction,
absenteeism and tardiness and at last his overall productivity, honestly and
fair play.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The purpose of an organization is
to achieve its defined objectives and in other to achieve these, resources such
as human, materials, machine and capital are important. Among all these, the
human factor mostly influences the destiny of any business. Therefore, staff
must be equipped, motivated, and their contributions assessed, appraised,
controlled, evaluated and directed towards achieving organizational goals.
Human beings are different in many ways, so their characters are quite
naturally complex and their behaviour unpredictable. For this reason, a
systematic approach to evaluate their performances is necessary, as a guide to
realizing their corporate objectives.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Many superiors shy away from
evaluating employees they supervise especially, on their areas of weakness.
Notwithstanding, employee informally evaluate one another, including their
superiors. When the official evaluation is released, employees compare opinions
they hold with the formal evaluation result from their superiors. A supervisor
is said to be fair and unfair based on, employees’ pre-conceived opinion of
themselves and others. Quite regrettably some organizations still ignore the
importance of performance evaluation, whereas some others recognize it, but
appraise their staff just for a simple reason that it is a management process
and fail to implement the assessment outcomes due to lack of funds to back it
up or even with the purposeful intent to deny employees their rights. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are basically three types of appraisal.
These include confidential or secret appraisal, open appraisal and we also have
semi open and semi secret.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Confidential appraisal means that
an individual is not involved in the appraisal exercise as the appraisal
outcome is not at all communicated to the person being appraised. In essence,
the person’s strengths and weaknesses are not communicated to him or her.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Statement
of The Problem</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Appraisal of employees’
performance by their superiors in most cases is inadequate. The manager may be
biased towards a particularly individual or employee and some managers see the
appraisal period as a time to equal scores on past event or misunderstanding
between them. Such managers carry their grudges into their appraisal of the
individuals.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">While there have been
several empirical studies on the impact of performance evaluation on
organizational performance or productivity concentrating on non profit
organizations perspectives by looking at profit, structure improvement, market
shares and returns. However, little attention has been paid to responsibility
for departmental appraisal, comprising employees efficiency, effects on
performance of organizational success, and chances of performance appraisal on
organizational development.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Furthermore, most of
the researches conducted are based in the non profit making organizations
within Nigeria which is misleading. in view of this, the study would fill a
knowledge gap by using profit oriented organization data to investigate the
impact of performance evaluation on organizational productivity using Zenith
Bank Nigeria Plc as a case study.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.25pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Research
Questions</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">This study addresses
the following research questions</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>i..What is the impact of performance
appraisal on staff development?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ii. To what extent does performance
appraisal enhance organizational <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>productivity?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>iii. What is the relationship between
performance appraisal and staff training?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>iv. What is the relationship between
performance appraisals on staff <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>productivity?
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -40.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.4
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Objectives of the Study</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The main objectives of this study are to examine
the impact of performance <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>appraisal
on organizational productivity. The specific objectives are:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To
examine the relationship between staff appraisal and productivity.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Identifying
training needs, improving present performance of employees, improving
potentials, improving potentials, improving communication, improving motivation
and aids in pay determination.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To
analyze the influence of effective appraisal method on staff productivity.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To
determine how performance appraisal serve as a roadmap for attaining
organizational development by corporate organizations. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">1.5 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Research Hypothesis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The following assumptions were
adopted for the purpose of achieving the objectives of this study;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ho1:</b> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Performance appraisal
has no significant impact on <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>organizational
productivity</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ho2:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Performance appraisal has significant
impact on organizational <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>productivity.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ho1:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Performance appraisal has no
significant impact on staff <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>training .</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ho2:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Performance appraisal has significant
impact on staff training.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.6 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Significance of Study</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Naturally,
all goal-oriented organizations have effective performance <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>appraisal system that serve as the basis
for a purposeful and rational assessment of her human resources, as well as
determine the value of tasks in the organization.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Performance
appraisal is packaged as a foundation for measuring employee’s progress, in
relation to set goals, attitude of management and supervision of personal
towards achieving corporate goals. This is important to revealing how staff
appraisal exercise is carried out in Zenith Bank Plc Nigeria, its role on staff
organizational development and productivity.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.7 Scope and Limitations of the
Study</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
researcher certainly had obvious constraints and could not have control over
every situation surrounding the study. Some were controllable; others were
manageable, where as some were absolutely beyond her scope. Thus in the course
of this study, some challenges were encountered and these in no small measure
constraint the study. Also, respondents were hardly available and prepared to
respond to the questionnaires and interviews, however adequate information /
data were gathered. The scope of the study means the depth and breadth of the
research work, its covers all the topics outlined in the table of content.
Notwithstanding its broadness, the limits to which the study determined to
cover, depends on the size of sample available to the researcher. However, some
members of the management and staff of the Zenith Bank Plc <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nigeria were chosen to constitute our sample
for better and objective evaluation of the parameters of this research. The
staffs chosen were mainly the senior and junior staffs which comprises of
permanent staff and contract staff. Data gathered from questionnaire and
personnel discussion formed the basis of analysis and conclusion(s). Nigeria.
Its information, implementation and its effectiveness towards the achievement
of the organizational goals and objectives. The scopes cover the areas of
performance evaluation option used by Zenith Bank Plc</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.8 Definition of Terms</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Appraisal:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Means the act of evaluating the
performance of an employee</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">based
on his past performance on the job, thereby discovering his potentials for
development. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Appraise: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
subordinate whose performance is being rated.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Appraiser:
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">This
refers to the superior officer who appraises the subordinate’s</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">performances over a given period.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluation:
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">This
consists of objectives assessment of a project, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Programmes
policy at all stages. i.e. planning, implementation and measurement of outcome.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Human
Resources:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Refers to the human capital or number of workers
that</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>make
up the workforce of an organization.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Organization:
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">An
organization is the harmonization of the activities of groups</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">of people for the achievement of
pre-objectives through division of labour or</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">hierarchy of authority.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Performance:
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
outcome of actions or the action that produce the outcome in</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a job process.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Performance
Evaluation:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> This is the process of systematically evaluating
an</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">employee’s
productive ability over a given period.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">IF
YOU WANT THE REMAINING OR INTERESTED (CHAPTER 1-5) THIS PROJECT TOPIC
CALL:08134232272,08073814436</span></div>
Adefolarin Olamilekanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00999790251206403460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8685843216341238613.post-11403802060662776192016-09-02T07:01:00.001-07:002016-09-02T07:01:48.735-07:00 MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS FOR ECONOMICS TEACHERS AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SECONDARY SCHOOL CURRICULUM IN ABUJA MUNICIPAL AREA COUNCIL FCT ABUJA<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">MOTIVATIONAL
FACTORS FOR ECONOMICS TEACHERS AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF
SECONDARY SCHOOL CURRICULUM IN ABUJA MUNICIPAL AREA COUNCIL FCT ABUJA</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">TABLE OF CONTENTS</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Title
Page<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b>iii</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dedication
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>iv<br />
Declaration <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>v<br />
Certification <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>vi<br />
Acknowledgements <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>vii</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CHAPER
ONE</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">INTRODUCTION</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.1
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Background to the Study <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Statement of the Problem <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>10</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.3
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Purpose of the Study <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>11</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> Research Questions <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>12</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.5
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hypotheses <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>14</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.6
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Delimitation of the Study <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>15</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.7
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Significance of Study <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>15</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.8
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Operational Definition of Term <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>17</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CHAPTER
TWO</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">REVIEW
OF RELATED LITERATURE</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Introduction <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>20</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Theoretical Framework <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>21</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hierarchy of Human Needs or the Need
Theory<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>21</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2.2
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Need for Achievement Theory (NACH) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>25</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Concept of Motivational Factors<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>27</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Meaning and Definition of Economics <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>32</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Relevance of Teaching Economics in Secondary
Schools in </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Federal capital Territory<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>35</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2.6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Prospect of Learning Economics in Public
and Private </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secondary Schools. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>38</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2.7<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Motivational Factors for Economics Teachers in
Federal Capitals </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Territory <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>--<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>42</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Implication for Motivating Economics
Teachers <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>64</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Concept of Curriculum-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>--<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>70</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Definition of the Term Curriculum -<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>73</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Structure of the Senior Secondary School
Curriculum-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>49 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Goals and Objectives of Economics
Curriculum-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>83</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.5.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Roles of Curriculum Materials in Curriculum
Implementation -<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>86</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.5.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Implementation of Economics Curriculum in </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secondary Schools<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>87</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.5.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Definition of Curriculum Implementation-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>91</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.5.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Curriculum Implementation as a Change Process
-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>93</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.5.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Types of Curriculum Change -<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>61</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.5.6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Individual Involved in Curriculum
Implementation -<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>63</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Teachers <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>63</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.7<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Students <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>66</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.8<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Principals Headmasters <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>66</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.9<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Parents<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>68</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.10<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Implementing Curriculum in the Classroom -<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>69
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.11<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Review of Pervious Studies -<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>73</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.12
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Summary <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>76</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CHAPTER THREE</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">METHODOLOGY</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Introduction <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>80</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Research Design <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>80</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Population of the Study <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>80</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sample size and sampling Technique<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>81</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Instrument for Data Collection<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>81<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Instrumentation<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>82</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.7<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Validity and Reliability of the instrument <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>83</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.8<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Data Collection Procedure<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>83</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.9<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Method of data Analysis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>83</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">References
<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>85</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Appendices
<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CHAPTER
ONE</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Introduction</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Background
to the Study</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">There
are lots of reasons why people are motivated to work, while people do work for
money, many others work because they love their jobs and because they want a
sense of fulfillment. Others work because they want to feel accomplished in a
certain field or be recognized for their performance or be secured in their
job.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Emphasis
therefore is on what induces behavior and how far those could go in elucidating
the desired change in the economics teachers’ behavior and its implication for
the implementation of Secondary School curriculum in some selected Public and
Private Secondary Schools in Abuja Municipal Area Council, Federal Capital
Territory. The theory of Needs insists that workers will perform best in so far
as his or her needs are being met. The expectancy theory assumes that workers’
belief in desirable outcomes such as attractiveness of reward influence their
choice to put in more efforts. While the two factor theories assumes that as a
matter of pre-regulated standard, conduciveness of work context, factors such
as salaries, company rules and regulations, supervisory behaviours,
relationships, conditions of service are as a matter of quality assurance
enough.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Education is considered as the most
valuable tool for human building that is why government recognizes education as
the greatest investment that the nation can make to bring about civilization,
modernization, development and socio economic progress.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Education
as in organization also has always been accepted as a vital tool for national
development, very serious and pertinent worries have been expressed about the
state of our educational system. There are worries that despite the enormous
sacrifice which has already been made on government policies towards the
improvement of the lot of the Nigeria Economics teachers; it has not
significantly achieved their intended original goals and objectives Faajir,
(2004).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Economics teachers are indispensable figures in the
success of all educational activities. The 21<sup>st</sup> century is
characterized by advancement in Economic education. In this, every nation is
striving to achieve economic, scientific and technological breakthrough with
their environment. Thus the teaching of economics in Public and Private
Secondary Schools is becoming more demanding and activity oriented. The youths
are taught economics science in relation to their environments of living and
for economic growth. Achievement of the development and growth through
economics science and technology requires qualitative economics science
teaching both in Public and Private Secondary Schools in Abuja Municipal Area
Council, Federal Capital Territory. In other words, for Nigerian to realize
accelerated development in the 21<sup>st</sup> Century, She needs qualitative
Economics education. The realization of the above development and growth
depends on the quality and quantity economics education received by the future
leaders of the nation. It is clear evidence that achieving quality economics
education depends largely on the effectiveness and efficient of the Economics
teachers in some selected Public and Private Secondary Schools in Abuja
Municipal Area Council, Federal Capital Territory.Senior Secondary Education is
planned for human resource development. It is a preparatory ground for human
development, where career abilities are groomed and potential and talents
discovered and energized. The quality and quantity of economic education
received by the students gear towards developing scientists, technologies
engineers, and economist. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Motivation helps the employee (Economics teachers)
meet his needs and provides him with feeling of satisfaction, a factor found to
have a significant direct relationship to his continuing to work for the
organization (school). In a situation where economics teachers feel that they
are not adequately regarded or that the conditions of services of the
organization are not adequately enough to justify the demands made them, this
creates low morale, which consequently affect productivity (students result).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In Udeozor, (2000) rightly noted that no educational
plan, programme, innovation or activities can ever sustain successfully without
adequate number of highly motivated or dedicated economics teachers. The
planners, therefore must consider those factors that are likely to motivate the
economics teachers and plan them along. She further stressed that a process of
motivating economics teachers to work must lay emphasis on such issues as
salaries, wages, job security, attainable objectives, increased responsibility,
job enrichment, promotion, increased authority; proper accountability and
improve human relations Udeozor, (2004). Therefore, for any organization like
school to get the best out of her economics teachers, the need for motivation
cannot be overlooked as it brings out the best and ensures efficiency and
effectiveness for teachers as the hubs, the key to the success or failure of
any educational system.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Economics teachers on the other hand are teachers
who have acquired professional degree of learning and special training in
economics. They are teachers who have acquired higher intellectual training
that are beneficial to students and mankind directly or indirectly. As
economics is regarded as a science because it adopts scientific approach in its
method of study, so economics teacher must be a specialist in the field of
economics education.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Therefore the aim of teaching economics in Public
and Private Secondary Schools in Abuja Municipal Area Council in Federal
Capital Territory is to equip students to learn how to learn, and to teach them
how to think, how to make observations and testing of facts from which
generalizations about human behaviour are made. To achieve these, the economics
teacher must be competent in the area of his specialization, quantity and
quality. Facilities should be available and used for the teaching and learning
process, the curriculum should reflect useful syllabus, content, topics,
materials necessary for the teaching of economics in Public and Private
Secondary Schools in Abuja Municipal Area Council, Federal Capital Territory.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The objectives of education vary from society to
society, based on the problems and needs of the particular society, but
generally, education is a process of changing the behaviour patterns of people.
Behaviour in this sense means the way we will change the learner in his
thinking, his feelings and his overt actions. The strategies to make these
changes possible in the learner and in the society are embedded in a thing
called curriculum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Curriculum is a broad term meant to include all the
experiences of the learner while under the guidance and direction of the
school. These include academic and non-academic, vocational, emotional and
recreational activities from which the learner will receive his experience. It
is the larger umbrella embracing the syllabus, scheme of work, and lesson
notes. The curriculum is the totality of learning experiences. But planning a
curriculum on the other hand involves several expertise including subject
specialists, education specialist and classroom teachers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Of special focus to us is the fundamental factor of
the implication of motivational factors for economics teachers and the
implementation of curriculum in Public and Private Secondary Schools in Abuja
Municipal Area Council, Federal Capital Territory.In another development, a
document on Dakar framework for Action (2000) rightly pointed out that there is
need for:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">“The
pre-eminent role of economics teachers as well as other educational personnel
in providing quality basic education needs to be recognized and developed to
optimize their contribution. This must entail measures to respect economics
teacher’s union rights and professional freedoms and to improve their working
conditions and status – (p. 20)</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The working condition in every sphere of life in
Nigeria including those of economics teachers have become so debased that most
individuals cannot enjoy their work leading to tension and frustration, the
economics teachers are crucial at every point in our education process because
the quality of any education depends on the quality of its economics teachers.
There is then, the need to motivate economics teachers in order to produce the
desired scientific, technology and economist educational results. Without
adequate motivation of economics teachers, the general school activities will
be hampered as the teachers will be playing nonchalant attitudes to their
work.Jegede, (2002) affirmed this when he noted that the teaching of economics
as a profession in Nigeria has suffered a number of debilitating blows in the
recent past, some of which include lack of motivation and societal respect and
recognition, non or late payment of salaries which have resulted in the serious
aversion to teaching among a host of others.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Contributing, Dibia (2008) opines that economics
teachers job satisfaction is an index for quality assurance in education,
apparently, motivation strategies such as conferences, seminars and workshop,
in-service training programme, welfare packages (housing and car loans) prompt
payment of salaries and other remunerations are pertinent to improve economics
teacher’s proficiency.In some of the selected Public and Private Secondary
Schools in Abuja Municipal Area Council, Federal Capital Territory Abuja, It
has been observed that there is a decline in the General performance of
economics teachers in Public and Private Secondary Schools. An interaction with
some of the teachers revealed some factors likely to bring about this to
include:-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
salary of the teachers is irregular and inadequate. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
promotion policy of the state is irregular.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Welfare
incentives available are inadequate</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
working environment is not conducive</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">No
opportunity for personal growth.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Interpersonal
relations between principals and the economics teachers are not cordial.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
above problems needs to be addressed because, there is a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>non – challant attitude of economics teachers
to school activities. The Students are grossly affected in their learning and
thus the educational objectives and curriculum objectives are not met or
implemented. These will lead to the falling standard of academic performance of
students in schools and college. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Statement
of the Problem</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This project is centered on the
implication of motivating economics teachers and how to implement economics as
a subject in the curriculum in some selected Public and Private Secondary
Schools in Abuja Municipal Area Council, Federal Capital Territory.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">An interaction with some economics
teachers in some selected Public and Private Secondary Schools in Abuja
Municipal Area Council, Federal Capital Territory, revealed that their salaries
are not paid on time and at the same time grossly inadequate to effectively
meet their needs; others are poor health care services, slow and bottlenecks in
training and promotion etc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">It has been observed that a large number of
economics teachers in Abuja Municipal Area Council, Federal Capital Territory,
exhibit behavioural tendencies that suggest the prevalence of some level of
discontentment, dissatisfaction and even frustration over such personnel
management policies as promotion, training and general welfare. The display of
such negative altitude has obvious adverse effect on the productivity, efficiency
and effectiveness. The research tends to deal much on such motivational factors
as salaries; job satisfaction, availability of teaching/learning materials,
performance appraisal, job security, opportunity for advancement/promotion,
improve human relations and workers’ benefits. The researcher intends to find
out whether the above listed motivational factors are attainable in Abuja
Municipal Area Council, Federal Capital Territory Public and Private Secondary
Schools, if not, what are the problems? And what does it take to ginger the
economics teachers to attain high productivity, and how to successfully
implement economics as a subject in the curriculum in some selected Public and
Private Secondary Schools in Abuja Municipal Area Council, Federal Capital Territory.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Purpose
for the Study</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The purpose of this work is to examine the
motivational factors for economics teachers and its negative or positive
implication for effective implementation of Secondary School Curriculum in
Abuja Municipal Area Council, Federal Capital Territory which can be utilized
to attain their efficiency in their schools, and promote academic performance
of students. Specifically, the objectives of the study are to:-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Identify
motivational factors for economic teacher in both public and private secondary
in Municipal Area Council, Federal Capital Territory </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> To
highlight the types of motivation economic teachers except from their employer
in public and private secondary schools in Federal capital territory Abuja</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Find
out the types of motivation economic teachers enjoy in public and private
secondary school in federal capital territory Abuja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To
examine if academic qualification of economic teachers is a factors for
performance in public and private secondary school in federal capital territory
Abuja<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Research
Questions</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This
study sought answers to the following research question </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What
are the motivation factors for economic teachers in both public and private
secondary schools in municipal Area council, federal capital territory. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What
are the types of motivation economic teachers except from their employer in
public and private secondary school in municipal Area council, Federal capital
territory </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What
are the types of motivation economic teachers enjoy in public and private
secondary school in municipal Area council, Federal capital territory.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What if
academic qualification of economic teachers a factors for performance in public
and private secondary schools in municipal area council, federal capital
territory. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hypotheses
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
study intends to test the following hypotheses at 0.03 level of significance</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There
is no significance deference between the factors the motivation economic
teachers in both public and private secondary schools in municipal area council
capital territory<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There
is no significance difference between the type of motivation economic teachers
expects from there employers in public and private secondary schools in
municipal area council, federal capital; territory </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There
is no significance difference between the type of motivation economic teachers
enjoys in public and private secondary school in municipal area council,
federal capital; territory</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>there
is no significance difference between academic qualification of economic
teachers a factors of economic teacher in public and private secondary school
in municipal area council, federal capital; territory<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Delimitation
of the Study</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This survey involved the
identification of factors of motivation for economics teachers and its
implication for the implementation of Secondary School curriculum in some
selected Public and Private Secondary Schools in Abuja Municipal Area Council,
Federal Capital Territory.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
motivational factors considered here include salary, job satisfaction, and
availability of teaching/learning materials, performance appraisal, job
security and opportunity for advancement/promotion, improved human relations
and workers’ benefits.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Geographically, this study will cover Public and
Private Secondary Schools in Abuja Municipal Area Council, Federal Capital
Territory. Economics teachers in both Public and Private Secondary Schools in
Municipal Area Council, Federal Capital Territory will be used for the study.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.7<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Significance
of the Study</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The success of any institution depends to a great
deal on the performance of its members. The success cannot be achieved if the
workers or economics teachers (in this case) are dissatisfied, disgruntled, and
ill-motivated. The study will therefore be significant to many people,
government, household, students not only the economics teachers. The school
administrators (Principals) will find the content of this study as a useful
guide on how to motivate the economics teachers under their management. It is
hoped that the use of incentives as encouraged in this study can help keep the
interest of economics teachers so that they can perform their teaching
functions efficiently and effectively. This research work will help in the
development of the global economy both in micro and macro level. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">It will also enhance the implication of all the
motivational factors that will energize the teaching of economics. It will
create a good atmosphere for the implementation of economics as a subject in
the curriculum in some selected Public and Private Senior Secondary Schools in
Abuja Municipal Area Council, Federal Capital Territory. The researcher hopes
that the study will improve the growth of economics activities, behavior,
changes in testing / observation in individuals and in natural sciences. The
study will highlight social relationship between economics teachers<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>students for effective and efficient academic performance, if
motivational factors are implemented. Finally,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>it is hoped that the study will bring out lapses in personnel management
and provide the Secondary School Management Board(SSMB), ministry of education
and employers of labour the tools on how best to improve the working conditions
of their staff (economics teachers) for effective performance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.8<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Definition
of Terms</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In this study, certain terms (concepts) have been
used. They require explicit operational definitions to clarify their usage in
this study.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Motivational
Factors:-</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Motivational factors are those factors or elements
that are supposed to be given to the teachers for encouragement in order to
boost their input and productivity. These factors operate within the school
system, and which, if not made available to the teachers could hamper
performance, cause stress, discontentment and frustration which would
eventually reduce classroom effectiveness.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Academic
Qualification:-<u> </u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This entails the level of education
obtained or acquired by the people, individuals, students, teachers after their
educational professional training.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Economics:-
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Is
a science which studies human behavior as a relationship between end and scarce
means which have alternative uses.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Teachers:-<u>
</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Teachers
are the ones who teaches or instructs. They are those who take teaching as an
occupation or profession. It is a calling where one requires a special training
in other to be engaged and to earn a living. It is the teacher who is
representative of society’s interest in the education of its youths.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Teaching:-<u>
</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Teaching
is an art and a science of imparting knowledge to people. It is an art because
it involves guiding, directing and stimulating learning. It is a science
because it involves the processing of a body of specialized knowledge.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Curriculum:-
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Curriculum
is the totality of activities carried out under auspices of a school in
response to societal demands. Curriculum consists of the continuous chains of
act necessary for translating educational goals into core activities, materials
and observable behavioral change.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Implication:-<u>
</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A
possible effect or result of an action or a decision.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Implementation:-
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To
carry out a decision, changes, policies, reforms of a new system.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Generalization:-<u>
</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To
use a particular set of facts or ideas in order to form an opinion that is
considered valid for a different situation. It is also a general statement that
is based on only a few facts or example.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">IF
YOU WANT THE REMAINING OR INTERESTED (CHAPTER 1-5) THIS PROJECT TOPIC
CALL:08134232272,08073814436</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Adefolarin Olamilekanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00999790251206403460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8685843216341238613.post-57959669601601552802016-09-02T05:30:00.001-07:002016-09-02T05:30:55.720-07:00 THE EFFECTS OF LAND DEGRADATION ON FOOD CROPS YIELD IN KARU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>THE EFFECTS OF LAND DEGRADATION ON FOOD CROPS
YIELD IN KARU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ABSTRACT</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The study assessed the effect of
land degradation on food crop yield in Karu Local Government Area of Nasarawa
State for 2013-2014 cropping season. The study area lies on Latitude 8º45"
and 10º15"N of equator and Longitude 11º45"E and 12º30"E of
Greenwich meridian.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Random sampling
method was used in selecting four wards and respondents to administered
questionnaires to farmers. Soil samples were collected from farm lands and
fallow lands from four wards ( Karu, Aso Kodape, Uke and Karshi I) with the aid
of soil auger at 0-15cm<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and 15 – 30cm
depth and were laid<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>out in randomized
blocks and replicated four times. Soil quality model by (Larson and Piece,
1999) was used to calculate soil quality and the result revealed that the land
is degraded with a ΔQ/Δt of -0.02 for 0-15 depth and -0.02 for 15 – 30 cm depth
of farm lands. Result of analysis of variance revealed that there is
significant different in means value of soil properties across the top and
sub-soil of farm land under cultivation and fallow site.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Logistic regression analysis on the causes of
land degradation showed that farming system and employment status had a
significant contribution to land degradation and crop yield reduction in the
study area. Chi-square analysis indicated both dependable(factors responsible
for land degradation) and independent variable (household characteristics) such
as erosion, deforestation, increase in population conversion of land to non
agricultural use, over cultivation and bush burning rated as the major causes
of land<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>degradation in the study area.
Inappropriate farming practice such as continuous cultivation, cutting of tree
for land preparation for cultivation, excessive use of agro- chemical have been
identified also as responsible for land degradation. From the adopted work done
by Chindo et al (2014), from 1973 – 1986, 11% of the forest land of the study
area were depleted, between 1986 – 1999, recorded 64% forest land
depletion<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and 25%<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>from1973 – 1986. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The rated of depletion annually was 2,4043 km, 1986 – 1999,
13,774km2 and 6,8854km, between 1999 – 2009 respectively. The study revealed
the effect of land degradation in the study area to include; decrease in food
crop yield and high cost of farming in terms of farm inputs. Farmers adopted
the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>following strategies; creation of
land degradation awareness, avoidance of bush burning, planting of leguminous
crops and preventing of indiscriminate cutting of tree to cushion the effect of
land degradation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Recommendations were
made in area of routine soil test to enable farmers to apply appropriate
fertilizer, good farming practice, retention of crop and other plants residues
on the soil after harvest in the hope to offset the decline in organic matter
level and increase sensitization on sustainable land management to increase
food crop yield in the study area.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Key word: Land Degradation,
Erosion, Deforestation, Cultivation, Farming.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TABLE
OF CONTENTS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 9;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>PAGE</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TITLE PAGE<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>i</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DECLARATION<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ii </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CERTIFICATION<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>iii<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DEDICATION<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>iv</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>v</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ABSTRACT<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>vi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TABLE OF CONTENTS<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>vii</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LIST OF TABLES<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
xi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LIST OF FIGURES<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
xiii</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LIST OF LIST OF PLATE<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>xiv</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LIST OF SYMBOLS<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>xv</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>xvi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.1 Background of the study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2 Statement of the problem<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.3 Aim and objectives of the study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.4 Significance of the study<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.5 Scope and Limitation of the study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.6 Research Hypothesis <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>7</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CHAPTER
TWO</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1 Theory of land degradation<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>8</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2 Causes of land degradation<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>10<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.3. Types of Land degradation<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>12</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4 Factors that determine plant growth
and yield<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>13</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4.1 Soil quality<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>14</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4.2 Soil loss and crops yield in Sub-Saharan
Africa<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>14</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.5 Effect of Land degradation<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>15</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.6 Brief history of Agricultural in
Nigeria<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>17</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.7 Land tenure in Nigeria<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>18</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.8 Review of related Literatures<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>19</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.9 Implications of the literatures
reviewed to the present study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>22</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CHAPTER
THREE</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1 Location and size of the study area<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>23<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1.2 Ethnicity, cultural background and
religion of the study area<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>24</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1.3 Economy and trade<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>25<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1.4 Climate<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>26</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1.5 Physical characteristics<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>26<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1.6 Soil<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>26</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1.7 Hydrology<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>27</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1.8 Environment<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>27</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1.9 Vegetation<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>27<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2 Research Methodology<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>28<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.1 Data source<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>28</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.2 Sampling and sampling technique<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>28<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.3 Soil sampling<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>28</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.4 Laboratory analysis<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>30</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.5 Determination of soil quality of
the study area<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>31<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.5.1 Soil quality model<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>31</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.6 Study area and Household sampling<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>32</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.7 Questionnaire administration<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>32</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.8 Validation of instrument and pilot
testing of questionnaire<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>33<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.9<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Distribution
of questionnaire<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>33<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.10 Interview survey<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>34<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.10.1 Issues faced during farming
communities survey<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>34</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.11 Field measurement/ observation<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>35</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.12 Tool for data analysis<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>36</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.12.1 Data storage and processing<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>36</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.12.2 House hold survey data analysis<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>36</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.13<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Process
of analysis of focus group discussion (FGD)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>38<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.13.1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Data storage and processing of focus group
discussion<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>38<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.13.2 Pre-analysis of farmer’s survey<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>38<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CHAPTER
FOUR</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>profile of farmers<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>40</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.1.1 Discussion of result of table 4.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> and 4.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>41</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.1.2 Farm and farming activities<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>42</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.1.3 Discussion of result of table 4.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>43</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Determination of soil quality in the study area using</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Larson and Pierce model (1991) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>43</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.2.1 Calculation of Soil Quality<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>47</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.2.2 Discussion on the result of the
analysis of soil quality<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>49</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.3 Analysis of Variance to determine
the variation in the means of analysed</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Soil properties of degraded farm land and fallowed lands used as </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Control sites <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>49<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.3.1 Discussion on table 4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>51 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.4 Causes of land degradation<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>51</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.4.1 Test of hypothesis<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>56</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.5 Farming practices in the study area <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>57</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.5.1 Discussion on farming practices<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>58</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.6 The Average number of plant per
square meter of various crops</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Cultivated in the study area<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>58<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.6.1 Crop yield in the study area<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>59</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.6.2 Discussion on crops yield in the
study area<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>60 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.6.3 Environmental awareness of
declining yield among farmers<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>60</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.7 Land use/cover of the study area<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>61</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.7.1 Analysis of vegetation change
(deforestation)<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>65<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.8 Effect of land degradation<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>66 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.9 Major strategies adopted by farmers
to cushion the effect of</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>land degradation in the study area<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>68</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.9.1
Discussion on the major strategies adopted by farmers to cushion the </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>effect of land degradation<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the study area<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>69<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.10
Focus group discussion<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>69</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CHAPTER
FIVE</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.1 Summary of Findings<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>70</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.2 Conclusion<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>75</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.3 Recommendations<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>76</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">References<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>77</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Appendix A Responses of household on
wards basis<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>85</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Appendix B Procedures for laboratory analysis<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>90</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Appendix C Physic-chemical properties of the
soil of the study area<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>97</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Appendix D Questionnaire<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>101</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LIST
OF TABLE</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>TABLE<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>TITLE PAGE<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table 2.1 Diagram of
conceptual framework<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>9</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table 2.2 shows the soil types in the
ecological zones of Nigeria<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>14<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Table 3.1 2006 Karu Local Government population
according to ward’s<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>23<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table 3.2 shows soil properties and the
method and equipments used for measurement<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>30<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Table 3.3 shows the name of the
four wards selected for the study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
and their<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">respective number of households
and number of questionnaires allocated<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>34<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Table 3.4 Logistics
Regression of three variables<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>37</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table 3.5 Six groups of farmer’s
interviewed<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>39<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Table 4.1 Summary of the characteristics of respondents in the study
area (n=235)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>40</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table 4.2 Continuation of
characteristics of respondents<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>40</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table 4.3 Farming characteristics of the
respondents<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>42</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table 4.4 means of analysed soil
properties of the study area at 0-15cm depth<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>44</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table 4.5 means of analysed soil
properties of the study area at 15-30 cm depth<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>44</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table 4.6 means of analysed soil
parameters of control site of the study area</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at 0-15 cm depth<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>45</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.7 means of analysed soil parameters of the control site of the study area</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>15-30 cm depth<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>45</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.8 sustainability of farm land and control site of the study area at 0-15 cm
depth<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>46</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.9 sustainability of farm land and control site of the study area at 15-30 cm
depth 48<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.10 means of means of analysed soil parameters of farm lands and</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>control site<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> at 0-15 cm depth<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>50</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.11 means of means of analysed soil parameters of farm lands and</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>control site<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> at 15-30 cm depth<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>50</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.12 shows the major causes of land degradation as revealed by respondents<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>52</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.13 Chi-square showing the relationship of dependent variables and<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>independent variables in land
degradation in the study are<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>56</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.14 shows major farming practices in the study area<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>57</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.15 shows average number of plants per stand of various crops cultivated<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>58</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.16 shows standard number of plants per stand of various crops cultivated<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>59</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.17 shows standard crops yields of selected crops per hectare<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>59</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.18 shows estimated crops yields of selected crops in the study area<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>60</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.19 shows difference in crops yields in the study area<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>60</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.20 Logistics Regression Analysis for variables predicting individual <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>awareness of declining yield/
land degradation problem<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>61</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.21 shows land use/cover of the study area for (1973, 1986, 19999 and 20009)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>62</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.22 shows spatial change of forest land in the study area<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>62</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.23 Logistics Regression Analysis for variables predicting land degradation<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> 66</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.24 shows the effect of land degradation as revealed by farmers<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>67</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.25 shows strategies adopted by farmers to cushion the effect of land
degradation<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> 68</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>LIST OF FIGURES</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TITLE<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PAGE</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Figure
3.1 Map of Nigeria showing Nasarawa State and Karu Local Government Area<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>24</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Figure
3.2 Map of Karu Local Government showing the study area<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>25</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Figure
4.3 shows the trend of depletion of forest land between 1970s and 2000s<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>63</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Figure
4.4 shows annual depletion rate of forest land in the study area<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>63</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">LIST OF PLATE</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TITLE<span style="mso-tab-count: 11;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PAGE</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Plate 4.1 Erosion activities at Ado
Kassa, Karu ward<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>53</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Plate 4.2 The effects of non
biodegradable refuge dump on maize farm at Auta</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Balefi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>54</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Plate 4.3 Degraded land as a result of
mining activities at Karshi I<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>55</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Plate 4.4 shows remote sensing imagery
of land use/ cover change of the</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Study area (1973-2009)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adopted from Chindo et al (2014)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>64</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Plate 4.5 Products of deforestation
activities at Uke<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>65</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>LIST OF SYMBOLS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TITLE<span style="mso-tab-count: 12;"> </span>PAGE</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">List of symbols<span style="mso-tab-count: 10;"> </span>113</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">LIST OF ABBREVATIONS</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TITLE<span style="mso-tab-count: 15;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 10;"> </span>PAGE</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">List of abbreviations<span style="mso-tab-count: 10;"> </span>114</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">INTRODUCTION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Background
to the Study </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agriculture
is the predominant and important economic sector in Nigeria. According to
Omofema, (2007) agricultural sector is a major source of employment in
Nigeria’s rural setting, source of income for rural dwellers and a stable
supply of nutritional needs. Despite that, food insecurity is another critical
issue challenging the sector. This is evidenced in the amount of staples like;
rice and wheat importation in the country which caused the economy billions of naira
annually (NBS, 2010).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Land
degradation couples with poverty pose a serious threat on farmer’s income and
food security. According to Senjobi, et al. (2010) Land, being limited in
supply is pressured and competed for by several uses. The intensification of
cultivation resulting in the opening up of new lands exposes the top soil to
the elements of degradation and alters the natural ecological conservatory
balances in the landscape. Land degradation, a decline in land quality caused
by human activities, will remain high on the international agenda in the 21<sup>st</sup>
century. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eswaran
& Reich, (2001) stressed that Land degradation is a broad term that can be
applied differently across a wide range of scenarios. There are four main ways
of looking at land degradation and its impact on the environment around it</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A
temporary or permanent decline in the productive capacity of the land.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A
decline in the lands usefulness. A loss or reduction in the land capacity to
provide resources for human livelihoods.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Loss of biodiversity. A loss of range of
species or ecosystem complexity as a decline in the environmental quality </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A
shifting ecological risk. Increased vulnerability of the environment or people
to destruction or crises.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In
a study undertaken by Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) in 1991, causes
of land degradation in Nigeria have been identified. Those of particular
relevance to Nasarawa State and Karu Local Government in particular are listed
below;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Degradation Problem</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Immediate Causes</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gully Erosion<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>poor road design, inadequate urban </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 7;"> </span>Drainage,
cultivation on steep sides and<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>destruction
of vegetation cover.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sheet Erosion<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Inadequate on-farm conservation; </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">over-exposure of cultivated soil</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 7;"> </span>to
rain splash at critical seasons.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intensive
cultivation, leading to soil capping<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>and compaction due to organic matters loss; overgrazing; destruction of
tree cover.<span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Declining Soil Fertility<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>shortened
fallow periods; inadequate <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>supply
of mineral and organic <span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>fertilizer;
impoverished soil; intense <span style="mso-tab-count: 7;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cultivation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Soil Physical Deterioration<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Inappropriate cultivation practices;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Depletion of organic matter during <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>cultivation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rangeland Degradation<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>overstocking;
bush burning,<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>destruction of tree cover;
increasing <span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aridity.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Deforestation <span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Clearing for agriculture; over -<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>exploitation for timber and
firewood.<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Causes
of land degradation include, overgrazing, improper cultivation practices,
unsustainable agricultural land use, poor soil and water management,
deforestation, construction of roads and houses, drought, flood, erosion,
poverty, shortage of land due to increase in population, encroachment on
marginal land, flash flood among others.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">According
to Fagbemi, (2002) Land degradation can cause human, economic, social and
infrastructural losses. In an agrarian economy, it can reduce agricultural
output and yield thereby precipitating starvation and poverty.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">According
to the report of the United Nation Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
held on April, 2001 in Bonn, Germany, Stated that, the international community
is losing vast amounts of agricultural production due to the effects of
contingency land degradation such as desertification. The study also shows that
the social cost of land degradation are even more staggering with nearly 870
million people suffering from chronic hunger globally. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Soil
productivity is the capacity of soil to produce a certain yield of crops or
other plant under a defined set of management practice. Soil productivity
entails striking a balance among soil physical, chemical and biological
fertilities, as none is of much value without other. All these soil properties
are affected by top soil removal; crop yields are affected through the
resulting changes in these properties. Soil chemical properties that are mostly
adversely influenced by erosion or topsoil removal in south Saharan Africa and
Karu inclusive include; PH, Organic matter content, total Nitrogen, available
Phosphorus, exchangeable bases and Cation Exchange Capacity.( Mbagwu, 1998)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In
the developing countries like Nigeria and Karu Local Government in particular
where a large population of human depends almost entirely on land resources for
their sustenance, there is increasing competing demand for land utilization
such as grazing, agricultural activities, cutting of wood for domestic energy
needs, construction, quarrying, infrastructural development, increase in
population with the resultant effect on soil quality and crop yields. The study
therefore is aimed at assessing the effects of land degradation on food crops
yield in the study area. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Statement
of Problem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">There
were indications that field clearing, extraction of trees for firewood and
charcoal, bush fire and overgrazing in Karu lead to land degradation. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Generally,
much work has been done relating to the effect of degraded land which is
increased cost of input, loss of soil nutrients, low agricultural productivity,
poverty and hunger,( UNCCD 2013, Eswaran &Reich, 2001, Mbagwu, 2003). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ajayi, (1992) emphasized that, there are
artificially induced hazards arising from human activities such as the disposal
of domestic and industrial wastes, bush burning and poor management of
agricultural land. He concluded that there are also human assisted hazards the
occurrences of which are naturally inherent but which are escalated by human
activities such as excessive soil erosion, soil nutrient depletion or
imbalance, urban floods and dam failure.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Several
scholars have established the fact that environmental problems (land
degradation, bio diversity loss) are widespread in the study area. Such Scholar
include; FAO (1991) Yari et al (2002), Oldemen et al (1990), UN-HABITAT (2013),
Rikko(2013). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yari,
et al (2002) on their report of Karu Development Strategy(KDS),( as quoted in
world bank report 2005), confirmed that rapid development resulting from very
high population growth of about 40% with high rate of urbanization in Karu
because of its proximity to Abuja posses the following problems:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Loss of fertile agricultural land to urban expansion.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Large scale indiscriminate mining and construction materials such as sand and
late rite.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Encroachment on marginal land especially flood plains for housing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Erosion as a result of improper environment management</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Also
the United Nations Human Settlements Programmed (UN-HABITAT) confirmed the
environmental problems in the study area in form of; bad agricultural
techniques such as in appropriate use of agro–chemicals and unrestricted
harvesting of trees for domestic heating and cooking, uncontrolled excavation
of sand for construction, unregulated grazing and bush burning and among others.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In
Karu Local Government, there is pressure on land usage such as agricultural
activities, grazing activities, cutting down of wood for domestic energy needs,
frequent use of heavy machinery for construction purposes, encroachment on
marginal lands, removal of natural vegetation for construction purpose, amongst
others, there is no doubt that the above land usage can result to land
degradation with attendant result on food crops yield.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Thus the research seeks
to answer the following questions;</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">What is the status of physic- chemical
soil properties and its implication on food crop yield in the study area?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">What are the major causes of land
degradation in the study area?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Has farming practices contributed to
land degradation in the study area?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">What is the extent of depletion of
vegetation cover in the study area?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">How has farmers been able to cope with
all the attendant problems from land degradation? </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aim
and Objectives of the Study </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In
view of the land degradation processes in Guinea Savannah belt of Nigeria due
to human interference on the natural ecosystem, it then becomes pertinent to
study the impact of this degradation on soil quality and their implication on
soil productivity to food crops yield. To achieve the above aim, the following
specific objectives have been set to:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1. Assess physic- chemical soil
properties and its implication on crop yield in the study area</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. Identify the major causes of land
degradation in the study Area</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3. Assess the farming practices in the
study area</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4. To use studies by Chindo et al (2014)
to detect trends and pattern of vegetation change</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>over the Period of three decades
(1973-2009)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5. Examine the strategies adopted by the
farmers in reducing the effect of land degradation</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in the study area.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.4
Significant of the Study<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sustainable
development is a concept which refers to development that meets the needs of
the present without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet
their own needs (United Nation, 1987). This can only be achieved if the natural
environment is protected. The study of the effect of land degradation on food
crop yield will unveil the impact of land degradation on food crop yield and
the effect on the major player (farmers) in land usage and its implication on
land management, environmental conservation and agricultural production. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
result of the research apart from contributing to general knowledge on land
degradation and its effects on agriculture production would also.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Increase
national and local concern on land management practice and policies </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Enhance
the effort of agricultural/environmental department, agencies, donor nations,
NGOs, research institutes and extension workers on current agricultural
practices in order to improve on food production, reduce poverty and protect
natural environment<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Serve
as a reference point for future study/research.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Scope and Limitation of the Study<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spatial Scope</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Karu Local Government Area has 11 administrative wards. They include; Karu,
Guruku kabusa, Aso Kodape, Uke, Bagagi Agada, Keffi Shanu, Karsh I, Karshi II,
Panda Kare, Tattara Kondoro and Gitata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">For
the purpose of this research, four wards that is Karu, Aso Kodape, Uke and
Karshi I<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>were randomly selected for the
study because of the conspicuous factors responsible for land degradation such
as overgrazing, cutting of wood for domestic energy needs, construction,
quarrying, infrastructural developments, increase in population, frequent use
of heavy machinery, removal of natural vegetation, encroachment on marginal
land pollution in terms of littering of refuges dumps on agriculture land seen
in these areas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Conceptual Scope</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The causes of land degradation are both
natural and human induced and the most common methods used for assessment are:
expert opinions, land users’ opinions, field monitoring, observations and
measurement, modeling, estimates of productivity change and remote sensing.
Taimi Sofia (2008)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For this study, the causes of land degradation
is restricted to human induced and the tools for assessment used was land
users’ opinion (socio economic), pictures and soil fertility analysis test to
determine its effect on food crop yield in the study area.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Temporal Scope. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
study attempts to assess the level of degradation of farm land under
cultivation and fallow site for 10 years (from 2004 -2014)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.6 Research Hypothesis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H0</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: There is no
relationship between factors responsible for land degradation and the
socio-economic characteristics of household</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">H1</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:
There is relationship between factors responsible for land degradation and the
socio-economic characteristics of household. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">IF
YOU WANT THE REMAINING OR INTERESTED (CHAPTER 1-5) THIS PROJECT TOPIC CALL:08134232272,08073814436</span></div>
Adefolarin Olamilekanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00999790251206403460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8685843216341238613.post-55862653119790409792016-09-01T09:31:00.000-07:002016-09-01T09:31:16.742-07:00THE EFFECTS OF LAND DEGRADATION ON FOOD CROPS YIELD IN NIGERIA :A CASE STUDY KARU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>THE EFFECTS OF LAND DEGRADATION ON FOOD CROPS
YIELD IN </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">NIGERIA :A CASE STUDY </span></b>KARU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> ABSTRACT</span></i></b>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The study assessed the effect of
land degradation on food crop yield in Karu Local Government Area of Nasarawa
State for 2013-2014 cropping season. The study area lies on Latitude 8º45"
and 10º15"N of equator and Longitude 11º45"E and 12º30"E of
Greenwich meridian.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Random sampling
method was used in selecting four wards and respondents to administered
questionnaires to farmers. Soil samples were collected from farm lands and
fallow lands from four wards ( Karu, Aso Kodape, Uke and Karshi I) with the aid
of soil auger at 0-15cm<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and 15 – 30cm
depth and were laid<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>out in randomized
blocks and replicated four times. Soil quality model by (Larson and Piece,
1999) was used to calculate soil quality and the result revealed that the land
is degraded with a ΔQ/Δt of -0.02 for 0-15 depth and -0.02 for 15 – 30 cm depth
of farm lands. Result of analysis of variance revealed that there is
significant different in means value of soil properties across the top and
sub-soil of farm land under cultivation and fallow site.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Logistic regression analysis on the causes of
land degradation showed that farming system and employment status had a
significant contribution to land degradation and crop yield reduction in the
study area. Chi-square analysis indicated both dependable(factors responsible
for land degradation) and independent variable (household characteristics) such
as erosion, deforestation, increase in population conversion of land to non
agricultural use, over cultivation and bush burning rated as the major causes
of land<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>degradation in the study area.
Inappropriate farming practice such as continuous cultivation, cutting of tree
for land preparation for cultivation, excessive use of agro- chemical have been
identified also as responsible for land degradation. From the adopted work done
by Chindo et al (2014), from 1973 – 1986, 11% of the forest land of the study
area were depleted, between 1986 – 1999, recorded 64% forest land
depletion<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and 25%<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>from1973 – 1986. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The rated of depletion annually was 2,4043 km, 1986 – 1999,
13,774km2 and 6,8854km, between 1999 – 2009 respectively. The study revealed
the effect of land degradation in the study area to include; decrease in food
crop yield and high cost of farming in terms of farm inputs. Farmers adopted
the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>following strategies; creation of
land degradation awareness, avoidance of bush burning, planting of leguminous
crops and preventing of indiscriminate cutting of tree to cushion the effect of
land degradation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Recommendations were
made in area of routine soil test to enable farmers to apply appropriate
fertilizer, good farming practice, retention of crop and other plants residues
on the soil after harvest in the hope to offset the decline in organic matter
level and increase sensitization on sustainable land management to increase
food crop yield in the study area.</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Key word: Land Degradation,
Erosion, Deforestation, Cultivation, Farming.</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TABLE
OF CONTENTS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 9;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>PAGE</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TITLE PAGE<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>i</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DECLARATION<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ii </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CERTIFICATION<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>iii<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DEDICATION<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>iv</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>v</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ABSTRACT<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>vi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TABLE OF CONTENTS<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>vii</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LIST OF TABLES<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
xi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LIST OF FIGURES<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
xiii</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LIST OF LIST OF PLATE<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>xiv</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LIST OF SYMBOLS<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>xv</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>xvi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.1 Background of the study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2 Statement of the problem<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.3 Aim and objectives of the study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.4 Significance of the study<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.5 Scope and Limitation of the study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.6 Research Hypothesis <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>7</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CHAPTER
TWO</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1 Theory of land degradation<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>8</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2 Causes of land degradation<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>10<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.3. Types of Land degradation<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>12</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4 Factors that determine plant growth
and yield<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>13</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4.1 Soil quality<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>14</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4.2 Soil loss and crops yield in Sub-Saharan
Africa<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>14</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.5 Effect of Land degradation<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>15</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.6 Brief history of Agricultural in
Nigeria<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>17</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.7 Land tenure in Nigeria<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>18</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.8 Review of related Literatures<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>19</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.9 Implications of the literatures
reviewed to the present study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>22</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CHAPTER
THREE</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1 Location and size of the study area<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>23<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1.2 Ethnicity, cultural background and
religion of the study area<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>24</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1.3 Economy and trade<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>25<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1.4 Climate<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>26</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1.5 Physical characteristics<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>26<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1.6 Soil<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>26</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1.7 Hydrology<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>27</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1.8 Environment<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>27</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1.9 Vegetation<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>27<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2 Research Methodology<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>28<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.1 Data source<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>28</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.2 Sampling and sampling technique<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>28<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.3 Soil sampling<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>28</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.4 Laboratory analysis<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>30</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.5 Determination of soil quality of
the study area<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>31<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.5.1 Soil quality model<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>31</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.6 Study area and Household sampling<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>32</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.7 Questionnaire administration<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>32</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.8 Validation of instrument and pilot
testing of questionnaire<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>33<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.9<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Distribution
of questionnaire<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>33<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.10 Interview survey<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>34<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.10.1 Issues faced during farming
communities survey<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>34</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.11 Field measurement/ observation<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>35</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.12 Tool for data analysis<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>36</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.12.1 Data storage and processing<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>36</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.12.2 House hold survey data analysis<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>36</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.13<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Process
of analysis of focus group discussion (FGD)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>38<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.13.1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Data storage and processing of focus group
discussion<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>38<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.13.2 Pre-analysis of farmer’s survey<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>38<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CHAPTER
FOUR</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>profile of farmers<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>40</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.1.1 Discussion of result of table 4.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> and 4.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>41</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.1.2 Farm and farming activities<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>42</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.1.3 Discussion of result of table 4.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>43</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Determination of soil quality in the study area using</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Larson and Pierce model (1991) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>43</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.2.1 Calculation of Soil Quality<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>47</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.2.2 Discussion on the result of the
analysis of soil quality<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>49</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.3 Analysis of Variance to determine
the variation in the means of analysed</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Soil properties of degraded farm land and fallowed lands used as </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Control sites <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>49<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.3.1 Discussion on table 4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>51 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.4 Causes of land degradation<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>51</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.4.1 Test of hypothesis<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>56</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.5 Farming practices in the study area <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>57</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.5.1 Discussion on farming practices<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>58</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.6 The Average number of plant per
square meter of various crops</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Cultivated in the study area<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>58<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.6.1 Crop yield in the study area<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>59</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.6.2 Discussion on crops yield in the
study area<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>60 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.6.3 Environmental awareness of
declining yield among farmers<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>60</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.7 Land use/cover of the study area<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>61</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.7.1 Analysis of vegetation change
(deforestation)<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>65<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.8 Effect of land degradation<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>66 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.9 Major strategies adopted by farmers
to cushion the effect of</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>land degradation in the study area<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>68</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.9.1
Discussion on the major strategies adopted by farmers to cushion the </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>effect of land degradation<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the study area<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>69<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.10
Focus group discussion<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>69</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CHAPTER
FIVE</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.1 Summary of Findings<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>70</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.2 Conclusion<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>75</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.3 Recommendations<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>76</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">References<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>77</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Appendix A Responses of household on
wards basis<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>85</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Appendix B Procedures for laboratory analysis<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>90</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Appendix C Physic-chemical properties of the
soil of the study area<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>97</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Appendix D Questionnaire<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>101</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LIST
OF TABLE</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>TABLE<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>TITLE PAGE<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table 2.1 Diagram of
conceptual framework<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>9</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table 2.2 shows the soil types in the
ecological zones of Nigeria<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>14<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Table 3.1 2006 Karu Local Government population
according to ward’s<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>23<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table 3.2 shows soil properties and the
method and equipments used for measurement<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>30<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Table 3.3 shows the name of the
four wards selected for the study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
and their<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">respective number of households
and number of questionnaires allocated<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>34<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Table 3.4 Logistics
Regression of three variables<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>37</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table 3.5 Six groups of farmer’s
interviewed<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>39<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Table 4.1 Summary of the characteristics of respondents in the study
area (n=235)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>40</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table 4.2 Continuation of
characteristics of respondents<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>40</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table 4.3 Farming characteristics of the
respondents<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>42</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table 4.4 means of analysed soil
properties of the study area at 0-15cm depth<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>44</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table 4.5 means of analysed soil
properties of the study area at 15-30 cm depth<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>44</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table 4.6 means of analysed soil
parameters of control site of the study area</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at 0-15 cm depth<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>45</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.7 means of analysed soil parameters of the control site of the study area</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>15-30 cm depth<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>45</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.8 sustainability of farm land and control site of the study area at 0-15 cm
depth<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>46</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.9 sustainability of farm land and control site of the study area at 15-30 cm
depth 48<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.10 means of means of analysed soil parameters of farm lands and</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>control site<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> at 0-15 cm depth<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>50</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.11 means of means of analysed soil parameters of farm lands and</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>control site<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> at 15-30 cm depth<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>50</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.12 shows the major causes of land degradation as revealed by respondents<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>52</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.13 Chi-square showing the relationship of dependent variables and<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>independent variables in land
degradation in the study are<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>56</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.14 shows major farming practices in the study area<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>57</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.15 shows average number of plants per stand of various crops cultivated<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>58</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.16 shows standard number of plants per stand of various crops cultivated<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>59</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.17 shows standard crops yields of selected crops per hectare<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>59</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.18 shows estimated crops yields of selected crops in the study area<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>60</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.19 shows difference in crops yields in the study area<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>60</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.20 Logistics Regression Analysis for variables predicting individual <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>awareness of declining yield/
land degradation problem<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>61</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.21 shows land use/cover of the study area for (1973, 1986, 19999 and 20009)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>62</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.22 shows spatial change of forest land in the study area<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>62</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.23 Logistics Regression Analysis for variables predicting land degradation<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> 66</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.24 shows the effect of land degradation as revealed by farmers<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>67</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
4.25 shows strategies adopted by farmers to cushion the effect of land
degradation<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> 68</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LIST
OF FIGURES</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TITLE<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PAGE</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Figure
3.1 Map of Nigeria showing Nasarawa State and Karu Local Government Area<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>24</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Figure
3.2 Map of Karu Local Government showing the study area<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>25</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Figure
4.3 shows the trend of depletion of forest land between 1970s and 2000s<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>63</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Figure
4.4 shows annual depletion rate of forest land in the study area<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>63</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 9;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LIST
OF PLATE</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TITLE<span style="mso-tab-count: 11;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PAGE</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Plate 4.1 Erosion activities at Ado
Kassa, Karu ward<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>53</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Plate 4.2 The effects of non
biodegradable refuge dump on maize farm at Auta</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Balefi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>54</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Plate 4.3 Degraded land as a result of
mining activities at Karshi I<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>55</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Plate 4.4 shows remote sensing imagery
of land use/ cover change of the</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Study area (1973-2009)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adopted from Chindo et al (2014)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>64</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Plate 4.5 Products of deforestation
activities at Uke<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>65</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LIST
OF SYMBOS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TITLE<span style="mso-tab-count: 12;"> </span>PAGE</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">List of symbols<span style="mso-tab-count: 10;"> </span>113</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LIST
OF ABBREVATIONS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TITLE<span style="mso-tab-count: 15;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 10;"> </span>PAGE</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">List of abbreviations<span style="mso-tab-count: 10;"> </span>114</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CHAPTER
ONE</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">INTRODUCTION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Background
to the Study </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agriculture
is the predominant and important economic sector in Nigeria. According to
Omofema, (2007) agricultural sector is a major source of employment in
Nigeria’s rural setting, source of income for rural dwellers and a stable
supply of nutritional needs. Despite that, food insecurity is another critical
issue challenging the sector. This is evidenced in the amount of staples like;
rice and wheat importation in the country which caused the economy billions of naira
annually (NBS, 2010).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Land
degradation couples with poverty pose a serious threat on farmer’s income and
food security. According to Senjobi, et al. (2010) Land, being limited in
supply is pressured and competed for by several uses. The intensification of
cultivation resulting in the opening up of new lands exposes the top soil to
the elements of degradation and alters the natural ecological conservatory
balances in the landscape. Land degradation, a decline in land quality caused
by human activities, will remain high on the international agenda in the 21<sup>st</sup>
century. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eswaran
& Reich, (2001) stressed that Land degradation is a broad term that can be
applied differently across a wide range of scenarios. There are four main ways
of looking at land degradation and its impact on the environment around it</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A
temporary or permanent decline in the productive capacity of the land.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A
decline in the lands usefulness. A loss or reduction in the land capacity to
provide resources for human livelihoods.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Loss of biodiversity. A loss of range of
species or ecosystem complexity as a decline in the environmental quality </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A
shifting ecological risk. Increased vulnerability of the environment or people
to destruction or crises.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In
a study undertaken by Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) in 1991, causes
of land degradation in Nigeria have been identified. Those of particular
relevance to Nasarawa State and Karu Local Government in particular are listed
below;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Degradation Problem</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Immediate Causes</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gully Erosion<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>poor road design, inadequate urban </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 7;"> </span>Drainage,
cultivation on steep sides and<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>destruction
of vegetation cover.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sheet Erosion<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Inadequate on-farm conservation; </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">over-exposure of cultivated soil</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 7;"> </span>to
rain splash at critical seasons.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intensive
cultivation, leading to soil capping<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>and compaction due to organic matters loss; overgrazing; destruction of
tree cover.<span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Declining Soil Fertility<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>shortened
fallow periods; inadequate <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>supply
of mineral and organic <span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>fertilizer;
impoverished soil; intense <span style="mso-tab-count: 7;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cultivation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Soil Physical Deterioration<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Inappropriate cultivation practices;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Depletion of organic matter during <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>cultivation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rangeland Degradation<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>overstocking;
bush burning,<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>destruction of tree cover;
increasing <span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aridity.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Deforestation <span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Clearing for agriculture; over -<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>exploitation for timber and
firewood.<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Causes
of land degradation include, overgrazing, improper cultivation practices,
unsustainable agricultural land use, poor soil and water management,
deforestation, construction of roads and houses, drought, flood, erosion,
poverty, shortage of land due to increase in population, encroachment on
marginal land, flash flood among others.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">According
to Fagbemi, (2002) Land degradation can cause human, economic, social and
infrastructural losses. In an agrarian economy, it can reduce agricultural
output and yield thereby precipitating starvation and poverty.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">According
to the report of the United Nation Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
held on April, 2001 in Bonn, Germany, Stated that, the international community
is losing vast amounts of agricultural production due to the effects of
contingency land degradation such as desertification. The study also shows that
the social cost of land degradation are even more staggering with nearly 870
million people suffering from chronic hunger globally. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Soil
productivity is the capacity of soil to produce a certain yield of crops or
other plant under a defined set of management practice. Soil productivity
entails striking a balance among soil physical, chemical and biological
fertilities, as none is of much value without other. All these soil properties
are affected by top soil removal; crop yields are affected through the
resulting changes in these properties. Soil chemical properties that are mostly
adversely influenced by erosion or topsoil removal in south Saharan Africa and
Karu inclusive include; PH, Organic matter content, total Nitrogen, available
Phosphorus, exchangeable bases and Cation Exchange Capacity.( Mbagwu, 1998)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In
the developing countries like Nigeria and Karu Local Government in particular
where a large population of human depends almost entirely on land resources for
their sustenance, there is increasing competing demand for land utilization
such as grazing, agricultural activities, cutting of wood for domestic energy
needs, construction, quarrying, infrastructural development, increase in
population with the resultant effect on soil quality and crop yields. The study
therefore is aimed at assessing the effects of land degradation on food crops
yield in the study area. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Statement
of Problem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">There
were indications that field clearing, extraction of trees for firewood and
charcoal, bush fire and overgrazing in Karu lead to land degradation. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Generally,
much work has been done relating to the effect of degraded land which is
increased cost of input, loss of soil nutrients, low agricultural productivity,
poverty and hunger,( UNCCD 2013, Eswaran &Reich, 2001, Mbagwu, 2003). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ajayi, (1992) emphasized that, there are
artificially induced hazards arising from human activities such as the disposal
of domestic and industrial wastes, bush burning and poor management of
agricultural land. He concluded that there are also human assisted hazards the
occurrences of which are naturally inherent but which are escalated by human
activities such as excessive soil erosion, soil nutrient depletion or
imbalance, urban floods and dam failure.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Several
scholars have established the fact that environmental problems (land
degradation, bio diversity loss) are widespread in the study area. Such Scholar
include; FAO (1991) Yari et al (2002), Oldemen et al (1990), UN-HABITAT (2013),
Rikko(2013). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yari,
et al (2002) on their report of Karu Development Strategy(KDS),( as quoted in
world bank report 2005), confirmed that rapid development resulting from very
high population growth of about 40% with high rate of urbanization in Karu
because of its proximity to Abuja posses the following problems:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Loss of fertile agricultural land to urban expansion.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Large scale indiscriminate mining and construction materials such as sand and
late rite.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Encroachment on marginal land especially flood plains for housing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Erosion as a result of improper environment management</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Also
the United Nations Human Settlements Programmed (UN-HABITAT) confirmed the
environmental problems in the study area in form of; bad agricultural
techniques such as in appropriate use of agro–chemicals and unrestricted
harvesting of trees for domestic heating and cooking, uncontrolled excavation
of sand for construction, unregulated grazing and bush burning and among others.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In
Karu Local Government, there is pressure on land usage such as agricultural
activities, grazing activities, cutting down of wood for domestic energy needs,
frequent use of heavy machinery for construction purposes, encroachment on
marginal lands, removal of natural vegetation for construction purpose, amongst
others, there is no doubt that the above land usage can result to land
degradation with attendant result on food crops yield.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Thus the research seeks
to answer the following questions;</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">What is the status of physic- chemical
soil properties and its implication on food crop yield in the study area?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">What are the major causes of land
degradation in the study area?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Has farming practices contributed to
land degradation in the study area?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">What is the extent of depletion of
vegetation cover in the study area?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">How has farmers been able to cope with
all the attendant problems from land degradation? </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aim
and Objectives of the Study </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In
view of the land degradation processes in Guinea Savannah belt of Nigeria due
to human interference on the natural ecosystem, it then becomes pertinent to
study the impact of this degradation on soil quality and their implication on
soil productivity to food crops yield. To achieve the above aim, the following
specific objectives have been set to:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1. Assess physic- chemical soil
properties and its implication on crop yield in the study area</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. Identify the major causes of land
degradation in the study Area</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3. Assess the farming practices in the
study area</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4. To use studies by Chindo et al (2014)
to detect trends and pattern of vegetation change</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>over the Period of three decades
(1973-2009)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5. Examine the strategies adopted by the
farmers in reducing the effect of land degradation</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in the study area.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.4
Significant of the Study<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sustainable
development is a concept which refers to development that meets the needs of
the present without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet
their own needs (United Nation, 1987). This can only be achieved if the natural
environment is protected. The study of the effect of land degradation on food
crop yield will unveil the impact of land degradation on food crop yield and
the effect on the major player (farmers) in land usage and its implication on
land management, environmental conservation and agricultural production. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
result of the research apart from contributing to general knowledge on land
degradation and its effects on agriculture production would also.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Increase
national and local concern on land management practice and policies </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Enhance
the effort of agricultural/environmental department, agencies, donor nations,
NGOs, research institutes and extension workers on current agricultural
practices in order to improve on food production, reduce poverty and protect
natural environment<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Serve
as a reference point for future study/research.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Scope and Limitation of the Study<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spatial Scope</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Karu Local Government Area has 11 administrative wards. They include; Karu,
Guruku kabusa, Aso Kodape, Uke, Bagagi Agada, Keffi Shanu, Karsh I, Karshi II,
Panda Kare, Tattara Kondoro and Gitata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">For
the purpose of this research, four wards that is Karu, Aso Kodape, Uke and
Karshi I<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>were randomly selected for the
study because of the conspicuous factors responsible for land degradation such
as overgrazing, cutting of wood for domestic energy needs, construction,
quarrying, infrastructural developments, increase in population, frequent use
of heavy machinery, removal of natural vegetation, encroachment on marginal
land pollution in terms of littering of refuges dumps on agriculture land seen
in these areas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Conceptual Scope</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The causes of land degradation are both
natural and human induced and the most common methods used for assessment are:
expert opinions, land users’ opinions, field monitoring, observations and
measurement, modeling, estimates of productivity change and remote sensing.
Taimi Sofia (2008)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For this study, the causes of land degradation
is restricted to human induced and the tools for assessment used was land
users’ opinion (socio economic), pictures and soil fertility analysis test to
determine its effect on food crop yield in the study area.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Temporal Scope. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
study attempts to assess the level of degradation of farm land under
cultivation and fallow site for 10 years (from 2004 -2014)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.6 Research Hypothesis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H0</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: There is no
relationship between factors responsible for land degradation and the
socio-economic characteristics of household</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">H1</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:
There is relationship between factors responsible for land degradation and the
socio-economic characteristics of household. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">IF
YOU WANT THE REMAINING OR INTERESTED (CHAPTER 1-5) THIS PROJECT TOPIC CALL:08134232272,08073814436</span></div>
Adefolarin Olamilekanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00999790251206403460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8685843216341238613.post-82472080023876567152016-09-01T08:38:00.000-07:002016-09-01T08:38:13.156-07:00THE ROLE OF PUBLIC UTILITIES IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY WATER BOARD ABUJA<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">COVER
PAGE</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">THE
ROLE OF PUBLIC UTILITIES IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF FEDERAL
CAPITAL TERRITORY WATER BOARD ABUJA</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ABSTRACT</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">This
study examines the role of public utilities in National Development using the
Federal Capital Territory Water Board Abuja as a case study. The hypothesis
that public utilities plays an important role in National Development, Federal
Capital Territory Water Board have administrative and Financial capability to
discharge its responsibilities, public utilities have no contribution to
National Development, Federal Capital Territory Water Board does not have
administrative and financial capabilities to discharge its responsibilities
were analyzed using chi-square techniques. To further accomplish the task, a
sample of 100 respondents was taken by administering questionnaire and rate of
return was 100%. The analysis revealed that public utilities are significant to
the achievement of National Development. The study therefore recommended that
government at all level should increase the funding of public utilities in
Nigeria. Also it calls for prudent and transparent uses of funds meant for the
development of public utilities</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">TABLE OF CONTENT</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Title page…………………………………………………………………………………………i</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Declaration …………………………………………………………………………………………………ii</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Approval
Page…………………………………………………………………………………iii</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dedication…………………………………………………………………………………….iv</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………….v</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………vi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Table of
Contents……………………………………………………………………………………vii</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">List of
Table………………………………………………………………………………viii</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Introduction
…………………………………………….........................................1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Background
to the study</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Statement
of the problem</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Objectives
of the study</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Research Questions</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Statement
Research Hypothesis </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.7<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Significance
of the study </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.8<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Justification
of the study</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.9<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Scope and of the study</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.10<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Definition
of terms</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">CHAPTER
TWO: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">LITERATURE
REVIEW</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Introduction</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Concept
of public Utilities</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Meaning
and Nature of Development in Nigeria</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Theoretical
Framework<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2.4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Literature on the subject Matter</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2.4.1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Public
Utilities and National Development</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.4.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Problems of public utilities in Nigeria</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.4.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>History
of Federal Capital Territory Water Board Abuja</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.4.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Organizational
Structures of Federal Capital territory Water Board Abuja</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">CHAPTER
THREE</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Research
Methodology</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Introduction</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sources
of Data</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Population,
Sample size and techniques</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Methods
of Data Collection</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Method
of Data Analysis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">CHAPTER
FOUR</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Data
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Introduction</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Data
Presentation and Analysis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Test
of Hypothesis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Discussion
of Findings</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">CHAPTER
FIVE</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5.0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Summary,
Conclusion and Recommendations</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Summary
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Conclusion
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Recommendation</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">References</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Appendix and
Questionnaire <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">LIST
OF TABLE</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Figure
1------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Figure
2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Figure
4.2- 4.12----------------------------------------------------------</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.0
INTRODUCTION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A
public utility is an organization that maintains the infrastructure for public
services, subject to firms of public control regulation ranging from local
community based groups to state – wide government monopolies . The term
utilities can also be refers to the set of services provided by these
organizations consumed by the public such as gas, water and electricity.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">public<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>utilities tend to be monopolized with only
one utility company from each industry serving as market to prevent utility
companies from taking advantage of their monopoly position government usually
either own them or regulates their activities often involve national monopolies
and as a result are often government monopolies or (if privately owned) treated
as regulated sector public utilities can be privately or publicly owned. Public
owned utilities include cooperation and municipal utilities. Municipal
utilities may include territory outside or city limit or may not serve the
entire city, while cooperation utilities are usually found in rural areas. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>BACKGROUND
TO THE STUDY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
establishment of public utilities in Nigeria can be traced to the end of the 19<sup>th</sup>
century and the beginning of 20<sup>th</sup> century when Nigeria was
incorporated into the world capitalist system, accomplished through the agency
of British imperialist state which markets the commencement of the capitalist
development of the country.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Olukoshi
(1986) assets that, the earliest development corporation were regionally based
as established to perform certain role defined within the limit permitted by
the inherent nature of capitalist development in general.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
creation of public enterprises is an important strategy used by Nigerian government
to translate into reality its developmental programmes to allocate public
resource, in order to accelerate its pace of development. It is in line with
this strategy that, the number of public enterprises in Nigeria was increased
from about 50 in 1960 to about 800 in 1982 (Adamolekun 1983:5). The Udoji
commission (1974) also confirmed that, in 1966 the total number of public
enterprises was about 170. It rose to 230 in 1975 and about 300 in 1977
respectively. Since then, many public enterprises have been established by the
Federal, State and local government in Nigeria.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Elias
(1974:75) observes that, since the end of the Second World War, the public
sector has been widening largely as a result of increasing state activities through
the establishment of public corporation and state’s own companies as agencies
of economics and social development.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">According
to Hanson (1972:15), the basic reason for establishing public enterprises has
been to propel development.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
importance of public enterprises is also confirmed in section 16(1) (b) of the
1999 constitution which gives Federal Government the right to manage and
operate the major sector of the economy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Although
most of the public enterprises did not live up to expectation from 1980s, a lot
of factors forced a rethinking of the role of public enterprises. Such factors
include; the pervasive inefficiency of the public enterprises in performing the
role and their heavy burden on public finance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">These
factors led to the privatization of some of those enterprises. Besides, this issue
of privatizing public utilities in Nigeria generated a lot of controversy. Many
Nigerians cannot afford the services of these utilities. It is in view of the
above factor that this study seeks to examine the role of public utilities in
National development taking the Federal Capital Territory Water Board Abuja as
its case study.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">World
Bank cited in Anyanwu (1997:379) public utilities literally mean power, piped
water supply, telecommunications, sanitations and sewage, solid waste
collection and disposal. The effective functioning of these utilities will help
in improving the well being of the people and to promote national development.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Unfortunately,
public National utilities have continued to attract a lot of criticism from the
public who hold<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the belief that, these
public utilities have not lived up to expectation especially in the area of
providing the public with essential services. This state of affair has brought
the following posers into consideration: firstly, what factor if any inhibit
the performance of public utilities as an instrument of national development?
Secondly, in what way can the performance of public utilities be improves?
Therefore, these study seek to address the above reflected questions as it
relates to the performance of federal capital territory water board, Abuja. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.4 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This study is aimed at achieving the
following objectives:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To ascertain the role of public
utilities in National Development;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To identify the factors that affect the
performance of public utilities in Nigeria;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To examinee the extent to which federal
capital territory water board has fulfilled its objectives of providing
portable drinking water to the people of federal capital territory Abuja;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>IV.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To suggest measures that could be put in
place to enable the federal capital territory water board to provide quality
services to the people.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18.75pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>RESEARCH QUESTIONS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">What is the role of public utilities in
National Development?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">What are the factors that affect the
performance of public utilities in Nigeria?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To what extent has federal capital
territory water board fulfilled its objectives of providing portable drinking
water to the people of federal capital territory Abuja?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.6 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This
research guided by the following hypothesis </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">H1:
Public utilities play an important role in National Development.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ho: Public utilities
have no contribution to National Development.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">HI:
Federal Capital Territory Water Board have administrative and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>financial capability to
discharge its responsibilities.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">HO: Federal Capital Territory Water
Board does not have administrative and financial capabilities to discharge its
responsibilities.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In
any case, public utilities are fundamental resources that a country can harness
in the quest for a rapid national economics and social development.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
significance of this study lies in the fact that, it will bring to lime light
the extent to which public utilities particularly the federal capital territory
water board have been contributing to national development since the study will
appraise its level of contribution or otherwise to natural development.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
significance of this study lies in the fact that, it will bring to limelight
the extent to which public utilities particularly the Federal Capital Territory
Water Board <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>have been contributing to
national development since the study will appraise its level of contribution or
otherwise to national development.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
research also will benefit the government by providing adequate information
concerning the activities of the public sectors (public utilities) as well as
the problems confronting these sectors especially the FCT Water Board, Abuja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Moreover,
recommendations made on the administrative and managerial aspects of Federal
Capital Territory Water Board will help shape its operations in congruent with national
development goals.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nevertheless,
when completed this study will serve as a useful reference material to
subsequent research with the same area of interest. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.8 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
reason why the research is being conducted is to investigate the challenges of
public utility in Nigeria using the Abuja water as a case study. The study is
an empirical research of that explores descriptive method. This study is to
examine the effect of this approach since the demand for better public service
delivery is dwindling.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Moreover,
the study will provide recommendations on how to ensure employees participation
in decision – making for better and improved commitment to organization
productivity, human resources development and the achievement of organizational
goals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.9 SCOPE OF STUDY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Basically
this study is confined to the FCT Water Board, Abuja. It however covers the
period of five years (2010 – 2014). This period is considered relevant because
it reflects the realities of the recent times especially as regards public
utilities in Nigeria.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Although,
references are made to other public utilities where necessary.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.10 DEFINITION OF TERMS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In
this study, the meanings of the following terms apply:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Public utilities:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia defined public utilities as “a company that <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>maintains the infrastructure for public services”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Public Enterprise:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
Aire (1986:2) defined public enterprise as organization created by partly or <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>wholly
owned and largely controlled by public authority (Federal, state or local <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>government)
and which are supposed or expected to operate along commercial, <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>industrial or
profit making lines (even if they also have social objectives).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Development:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
Development can be described as a type of social changes in which new ideas <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>were introduced into a higher per capital income and
level of living through more <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>modern
production method and improved social organization (Rogers, 1969).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">National Development:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
National development can be conscience as the creative and positive <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>transformation of all aspect of our national life social,
cultural, political and <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>economic
(Tende 2004:126-127).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Privatization:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
Privatization is a process of the public sectors toward the pursuit of
efficiency and <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>effectiveness in the attainment of
objectives with dominance of financial <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>considerations through the adoption of
management styles that reward good and <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>panelize
poor performance (Hemming and Mansor 1988: 5). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">REFERENCES:</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adamolekun, L. (1983)
Public Administration: A Nigerian and comparative perspective. <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>London:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adamolekun, L. (1993)
politics and Administration in Nigeria: Ibadan Spectrum Books.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Anyanwu, K.C. (1997)
Public Administration in Nigeria: Implication in Development and <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sustenance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">IF
YOU WANT THE REMAINING OR INTERESTED (CHAPTER 1-5) THIS PROJECT TOPIC CALL:08134232272,08073814436</span></div>
Adefolarin Olamilekanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00999790251206403460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8685843216341238613.post-1486707981675620272016-07-20T09:28:00.001-07:002016-07-20T09:28:31.007-07:00IMPLICATIONS OF PATRONIZING FOOD VENDORS IN ABUJA MODEL STUDY CENTRE<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TITLE
PAGE</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">IMPLICATIONS
OF PATRONIZING FOOD VENDORS IN ABUJA MODEL STUDY CENTRE</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CHAPTER
ONE </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.0<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">INTRODUCTION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>BACKGROUND
TO THE STUDY </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Food vendors are the
people popularly known as street foods sellers, ready-to eat-foods, some already
prepared beverages, such as doughnuts, cooked rice and beans, Youghurt, Zobo etc.
They hawk their foods especially in streets and other similar public places. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ekanem E.O. The street
food trade in Africa safety and socio –environmental issues food control)
(2001) streamline that street food vending has become an important public
health issue and a great concern to everybody. This is due to widespread food
borne diseases, due to the mushrooming of way side food vendors who lack an
adequate understanding of the basic food safety issues. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bhowmiksk (2005)
confirmed that with the grip of sudden and unprecedented urban growth and
increase in the size of the labour force, the demand for non-traditional
services has gained momentum. The street food trade has shed its disorganized,
lower class linage and is becoming a viable, important informal sector industry,
Bryan F.L (1988) placed Nigeria 100<sup>th</sup> position of 130 countries that
has the street foods safety risks hazard in an uncontrollable measures. Street
vended foods are not only appreciated for their unique flavours, convenience
and the role which they play in the cultural and social heritage of societies,
they have also become important and essential for maintaining the nutritional
status of the populations. Besides offering business opportunities for
developing entrepreneurs, the sale of street foods can make a sizeable
contribution to the economics of developing countries. In Nigeria, for example
the national policy for urban street vendors/hawkers stated that street vendors
constitute approximately 15% of the population of a metropolis. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Thus, research
therefore sought to provide data on root causes of epidemic diseases in the
society especially with regards to poor health in some students in the Abuja
Model Study Centre National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN). Public Health
issues are currently the main focus of discussion and research all over the
world especially with regards to street food vendors. The question of street
food vendors is a matter of grave concern especially among the students who are
prey to this public health hazard. Umoh VJ, Odoba MB. (1999) confirmed that
street foods are perceived to be a major public health risk due to lack of
basic infrastructures and services, difficultly in controlling the large
numbers of street food vending of operation because of their diversity,
mobility and temporary nature. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A general
lack of factual knowledge of street vendors in basic food safety measures and
inadequate public awareness of hazards posed by certain foods has severely
hampered the development of a precise scientific approach to this very serious issue
of public health and safety research evidence has shown that quantitative skill
are required in public health sector to checkmate this ugly menace in our
public institutions and society in general. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">WHO (1989) Health
Surveillance and Management procedures for food handling personnel opined that
general public should be cautions to be able to access some of the food they
consume in public domain, for some of these foods risks hazard to the health.
Consequently, students who are victims of these food vendors should always take
pre-cautionary measures to be aware of the danger involves in taking any food
that is not hygienically prepared. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">STATEMENT
OF THE PROBLEM</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Every problem on
this earth has solution, so, every health question has health answer. Problems
in public health sector required health research. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Buchanan RL. (1998)
pointed out that the first step in conducting health research is to first
identify the problem to the study and solve it. Adesiyun A.A (2003) reminded
that a health problem could arise reminded that a health problem could arise as
a result of some certain abnormalities, inadequacies or weaknesses of some kind.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Akinyele I.O (1987)
discovered <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>that some high institutions
and tertiary schools students do not take proper or wash their hands after the
use of toilets. Some do not know their health or body health history before
taken any injurious food in their body, therefore create health problem in
their body. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Many students do not
undergo regular medical check up. Some schools health departments do not proffer
the use of sanitizers/disinfectants in the school environment for student’s
use. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Example, was the
case of “Ebola” many people took pre-cautionary measures to the menace of the
deadly disease Ebola. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">There should be
thermometer to check food temperature. Every public school should employ the
professionals to train and organize these food vendors, and also monitor their
cooking environment and kitchen utensils. Furthermore, establishments should
train staff regularly on basic personal hygienic techniques, self care and good
house-keeping practices. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PURPOSE
OF THE STUDY</b> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The main purpose of
the study is to investigate and assess the causes of eating bad or contaminated
foods in our public domain especially in the public schools institution like
Abuja Model Study Centre, National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This study seeks to:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To
explain who are food vendors and what they do </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To
assess the capability of the food vendors knowledge on cooking</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To
assess the cleanliness of the environment and of the food vendors </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To
check the kind of food sold by vendors to students of Abuja Model Study Centre,
National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN). </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To
collect opinion of students towards food vendors in Abuja Model Study Centre,
National Open University of Nigeria. (NOUN).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">RESEARCH
QUESTIONS</b> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The following research questions are
formulated to guide the study </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">What
are the causes of students eating contaminated foods in Abuja Model Study
Centre, National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN)? </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">What
are the roles of food vendors in Abuja Model Study Centre, National Open
University of Nigeria (NOUN). </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">What
are the implications of patronizing food vendors in Abuja Model Study Centre,
National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">What
are the assessment on the food hygiene practices of food handlers in the Abuja
Model Study Centre, National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">What
are the recommendations for improved food safety measures within food
establishments? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SCOPE
OF THE STUDY</b> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The research is
mainly concerned with an investigation and the causes of students eating
contaminated foods in Abuja Model Study Centre, National Open University of
Nigeria (NOUN). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">However, due to
financial problems and time constraint the selected schools are only four out
of the total number of tertiary institutions in Abuja Federal Capital
Territory. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
selected schools are: </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">National
Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) Abuja Model Study Centre</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">University
of Abuja in Federal Capital Territory </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">College
of Education Zuba in Federal Capital Territory </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">National
Teachers Institute (NTI) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gwarinpa Study Centre</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY</b> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">It is hoped that the
result of this research will be a immense value to the students, the lecturers,
the school administrators, government and also the curriculum planners. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To the lecturers, it
is believed that the study will enable lecturers to learn all basic skills and
available resource used to teach public health study – this also will improved
and enhance lecturers and health education authorities competency in the area
of teaching public health studies. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To the students, it
will change the students attitude towards teaching of public health studies in
anticipation such that they can no longer see public health awareness or study
as a course or subject they can pass with little or no effort but rather as an
important course which they need to learn and understand very well. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To the school
administrators, it will enable them give necessary supports, encouragement and motivation
to public health lecturers and students of food nutritionists to acquire the
right attitude towards the public health knowledge. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Furthermore, this
study will enable public health educational researchers, lecturers, school
administrators and proprietors to know the external trends of students
performance in public health learning. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In addition, this
piece of work will be of useful to the researchers who are interested in
student’s performance in researching on public health study this will go a long
way to help the school administrators, teachers, parents, counselors and
particularly the government in improving public health by implementing the
recommendations provided in this research work. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.7<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">OPERATIONAL
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS</b> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Causes: Something that gives rise to an
action, phenomenon or condition. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Implications:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> An
implying or that which is implied, but not expressed, an inference or something
which may fairly be understood, though not expressed in words. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Patronizing: To make oneself a regular
customer of a business. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Food vendors: A person or a company that
vendor sells food. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Adefolarin Olamilekanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00999790251206403460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8685843216341238613.post-79826827378803842332016-07-20T09:26:00.003-07:002016-07-20T09:26:58.653-07:00EFFECTS OF DAY SCHOOL SYSTEM ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN OTUKPO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF BENUE STATE <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TITLE
PAGE </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">EFFECTS
OF DAY SCHOOL SYSTEM ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
STUDENTS </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">IN
OTUKPO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF BENUE STATE </span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ABSTRACT</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The study sought to determine the effect of
day school system on academic performance of senior secondary students in Benue
State, with a particular reference to Otukpo Local Government Area. The
instrument used for this data collection was 20 item questionnaire administered
to a sample of 100 students’ parents and teachers in the four selected senior
secondary schools in town. Random sampling technique was used in selecting the
sample. Simple percentage was used in analyzing the three research questions.
From the analysis, the findings showed that inadequate facilities in school
cause students poor academic performance also students in day and boarding
system perform the same in academic. Some problems of day school system are
also identified. Ways of curbing this trend are mentioned which includes school
system by setting up a committee to re-organize the total functioning of the
system, provision of instructional materials and infrastructural facilities and
teachers conditions of service to be enhanced. Based on the findings,
recommendations were made, government should encourage the day secondary school
system by being involved in its operations. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TABLE
CONTENTS </span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Title
page </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Approval
page </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dedication
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Acknowledgement</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Abstract
</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Background
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Statement
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Purpose
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Research
questions </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hypothesis
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Significance
of the study </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Scope
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Operational
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF
RELATED LITERATURE </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Introduction </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Theoretical/conceptual framework </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Summary <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Introduction </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Research Design </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Population </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS,
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY,
CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Introduction </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Summary </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Recommendations </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Conclusions </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Limitations </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Suggestions for further studies </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CHAPTER
ONE </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.0<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">INTRODUCTION
</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Background
of Study</b> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To
start with, before the introduction of formal and western system of education
in Nigeria, there existed the traditional form of education, the various people
train their youths in traditional education system for transmission of such
knowledge to the next generation. This was based on unwritten curriculum and
was more or less a responsibility as parents, relatives and all the elders in
the society were involved. It was to shape the all-round development of the
youths. The arrival of the missionaries brought in another idea of formal
education and boarding system of education. To Fafunula (1974), most of the
early schools were located in “missionaries’ compounds and church premises” and
that some parents insisted on being paid by the missionaries if they were to
lose their children to mission to due. Also, according to Fafunula (1974),
government established schools which were boarding schools system. But later
the government established day schools to carter for the product of the
Universal Primary Education (UPE) programme in compliance with the provision in
the National Policy on Education (FRN, 2004). Due to the high cost of the
boarding system, Government later established day school system to carter for
the less privileged and to ensure that all attend secondary school. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Boarding
school is a school where some pupils study and live during the school years
with their fellow students and possibly teachers or administrators. The word
boarding is used in the sense of bed and board i.e. loading and meals. Some
boarding schools have day and return off-campus to their families in the
evening.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Many
independent (private) schools in the Common Wealth of Nations are boarding
schools. Boarding school pupils (a.k.a boarders) normally return home during
the school holiday and often, weekend but in some cultures may spend the
majority of the childhood and adolescent life away from their families. Some
schools in Otukpo Local Government Area operate boarding and day school system
like St. Francis College, Jesus College but were later fully converted to a
boarding school system. The reason for this conversion is to enable the school
administrators to fully take control of their students and to control some
habits in them. This policy by the school management leads to decline in the
numbers of students’ population. Also, there are school in Otukpo Local
government area that operate <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SINGLE
BOARDING SYSTEM LIKE </b>St. Francis College, (male), St. Annes secondary
school (female) and Government Model Otukpo, that operate only on male
students. Equally, schools like Wesley High School Otukpo and Jesus College
operate mixed school boarding system where the hostels or dormitories are
separated from each others. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">On the
other hand, day school system is the system of schooling where arrangements are
made for school pupils to reside outside the school campus. They are made to go
and return to the school on daily basis at fixed hours or the day. It also
means that system of schooling which provides accommodations and other
facilities for the welfare of the students either by the government or
proprietors but do not provide for the students. The students are made to feed
themselves. Dogara (1988) looks at day school as the type of schooling whereby
students leave school immediately after school hours to their homes each day.
According to the National Policy on Education (1981) is the type of system that
guarantees equal rights of education to every Nigerian child. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Taiwo
(1981), Day schooling is that system of school which help to reduce cost
involving parents in the education of the children and enable the children
develop “roots” in their culture. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">According
to Aku (1981) however, the purpose of the day school system is to educate every
child in a manner that will enable him/her find a worthy place in the society.
In the boarding school system, the children were brought together from diverse
cultural and ethnic backgrounds to learn together, thereby, enhancing national
consciousness and solidarity. Academic exchanges took place among students
through interaction in societies and clubs such as debating society, science
society, sports and games musical society etc. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To
ensure that students pursue academic work with vigor, they attend preparatory
classes and are involved in extra-curricular activities ranging from music,
squash courts, swimming pool, and theaters. Most boarding schools have a light
out time when no talking was permitted. A number of senior teaching advisors
each of whom took quasi-parental responsibility for some students residing in
their houses. A house keeper often known as Matron Assists them in the
management of the hostels, academic exchange matters are handled by a house
tutor. Prefects and monitors are appointed among students. They enjoy limited
authority and help in controlling students. The progress records of students
kept in folders enabled all stakeholders to have a clear and complete picture
of progress with regards to attendance, achievement including scores,
occupational interests and plans, participation in school activities etc. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Generally,
the boarding school system has some advantages like in Nigeria when secondary
school were few, boarding school were safer places for students that come from
far places especially those who could not feed for themselves. And by housing
students from different ethnic and socio-cultural backgrounds, national unity
was enhanced as students learnt much about the culture of other outsider
groups. Pupils generally needed permission to go outside defined school bounds.
This particular rule helped to regulate the movement of students. Learning was
ensured through preps and students time to make use of facilities such as
laboratories, libraries and so on. Given the many advantages of the boarding
school, the system was cherished in Nigeria and maintained in the
post-independence era. The number of schools and students enrollment was
however small. The introduction of the new national policy of education policy
was that “primary education should be free and Universal Education should be
made compulsory (Yoloye, 1993). Abo (2007) in her assessment attributed
financial facilities and expansion of the schools. She stated that this was
what induced the Federal Military Government to introduce what is known as Day
School system, boarding system and mixed school system. The day school system
as the stakeholders perceived, it was prone to many disadvantages. One of such
disadvantages is that students will not devote time to their studies. Their
control would similarly be difficult. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">More
so, “the distance students have to trek to school and this will have negative
impact on their learning due to lateness, absenteeism, listen well and try to
be an example to other (UNESCO, 2006). After long distance of trekking the
student become tired and when they reach the school, they usually sleep in the
class while lessons are going on. It was considered by stakeholders that the
disadvantages associated with day schooling will have serious effects on
academic performance particularly in gaining and writing skills, and passing
with good grades. Practice they say, makes perfect. As students attend classes
from their homes, many home chores interfere with their studies because they
spend more time in running errands, looking after siblings or hawking to
augment the family’s pulse. These activities make them devote less time to
studies and this reflects in scores they get in examinations. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Statement of the Problem</b> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Looking
at the Day school system in Benue State, there are doubts as to whether the day
school system students are actually performing better than the boarding school
system in our senior secondary school because of some intervening variables.
Many of the students hardly have time to read at home, while those in the
school may have the problem of proper supervision of the students some times. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In
view of these, the problem of the study is therefore to find out the extent to
which day school system affect the academic performance of senior secondary
school students in all subjects. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Purpose of the Study </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
purpose of the study was to find out the effect of day school system on
academic performance of Senior Secondary School (SSS) students in Otukpo Local
Government Area of Benue State. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Research Questions </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
research questions for this work include:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Does
day system have any effect on students’ academic performance? </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Why
do people avoid boarding system of education? </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">What
are the problems associated with day school system. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hypothesis </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>One
hypothesis is formulated for analysis at 0.05 level of significance. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">There
is no significant difference in academic performance between students in
boarding and day school systems. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Significance of the study</b> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
findings of this study may be significant in many ways, especially to
researches, parents who are concerned about the education of their children
among others. This study will also serve as a source of reference to any person
who may undertake similar research study. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">More
so, the research findings may be of importance to government also. Based on the
findings of this research work, it will help the government to see the type of
system of education which is good for the students and try to initiate a policy
to help remedy the problem of poor academic performance of senior secondary
students. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.7<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Scope of the Study</b> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">This
study is limited to selected schools in Otukpo Local Government Area of Benue State.
Subject like chemistry is chosen for this research work because of its
relevance to our society and also is one of the core science subjects taught in
secondary school that require much practical work especially at S.S.C.E level. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Also,
Otukpo Local Government is chosen as a case study among the 23 Local Government
Areas of Benue State. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.8<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Operational Definition of terms</b> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Day
school system: is an institution where children are giving educational
instruction during the day and after which children return to their homes; that
is a school without boarding facilities that holds classes during the day. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Boarding
system: A system of school where students are housed and fed as well as taught
in the school compound. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Academic
performance: Korima (2006) has stated that good academic performance relater to
learners acquired reading and writing skills, receive good grades or marks and
all pass examination. </span></div>
Adefolarin Olamilekanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00999790251206403460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8685843216341238613.post-57286469177039083392016-07-16T11:03:00.000-07:002016-07-16T11:04:31.438-07:00NIGERIA FOREIGN POLICY IN THE FOURTH REPUBLIC: ACASE STUDY OF GOODLUCK JONATHAN’S ADMINISTRATION 2011 – 2015.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">NIGERIA
FOREIGN POLICY IN THE FOURTH REPUBLIC: A CASE STUDY OF GOODLUCK JONATHAN’S
ADMINISTRATION 2011 – 2015.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ABSTRACT</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">International
political system remains the platform were state actors have no other avenue
both exercise and displayed there foreign policy over the years, on its own
have never been displayed without a measure of what are national interest
entails, this posit the several foreign policy by the various government at one
time or the other. However, the fourth republic depicts a new beginning of
Nigeria’s foreign policy through operation of democracy. While civilian rule is
more open to diplomatic negotiation on the basis of allowing prudent expression
of what is expected. Obasanjo, Yar’Adua and Jonathan’s administration serve the
country at the international political system. The study make use of Jonathan’s
administration as it case study, (2011 – 2015). Achievements, challenges as
while the contribution of Goodluck Jonathan’s regime to Nigeria’s foreign
policy was capture. The research study make use of secondary sources of data
analysis while decision theory as applied in international relations was use to
explore the international political paradigm. In all the study concluded by
making some resounding recommendation, among which is that Nigeria foreign
policy should capture the people’s need for development.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">INTRODUCTION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.1
Background to the study</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">One
of the main “show cases” of a state’s independence in the international system
is its ability to conduct an “independent” foreign policy, and to establish the
paraphernalia that go with it, most importantly, a ministry of foreign affairs,
although this important institution is also called by diverse names in
different countries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For instance state
department in the United State of America, USA, the Foreign and commonwealth
office in the UK and here in Nigeria, the ministry of foreign affairs,
sometimes simply called the MFA (Sesay and Fawole, 2011). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adetula
and Asiwaju (2011) contend that the centrality of foreign policy in a state’s
international relation cannot, be over emphasized in there word, it through
Foreign Policy that a nation is able to announce its appearance on the global
state to other nations of the world as an independent actor. It is through its
Foreign Policy that a state can also establish its national identity and
promote other national symbols; for instance, its flag and national anthem
which are hosted and play at important international meeting or for a. aside
from that, it is arguable that foreign policy also provides the means by which
a state, country or nation, is able to identify it friends, cultivate and
establish friendship with other nations of the world.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
foundation of Nigeria’s foreign policy was laid during Nigeria’s first republic
between 1960 and 1966 when the guiding principles of Nigeria’s foreign policy
which successive administrations later adhered to were first articulated.
Nigeria’s foreign policy was clearly pro-British and Pro-Western in the
immediate post-colonial period and hostile towards the Eastern bloc. It
appeared that the realities of the international environment, Nigeria’s internal
international environment, Nigeria’s internal politics and the guest of the
leadership for continental leadership made the country for continental
leadership made the country adopt what was perceive as a “moderate” and
“pragmatic” foreign policy (Stremlau, 1977).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Otubanjo,
(1989) argued that Nigeria by virtue of her large physical size, huge
population and rich natural endowment has always been expected to play a
leading role in international and African politics. Consequently, successive
administrations believed that Nigeria is endowed with a manifest destiny to be
the leading voice and actor in Africa and International polities.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nigeria’s
foreign policy, like any other nation’s foreign policy is, to a significant
extent, a product of the myriad factors and forces which condition and
influence the actions and choices of foreign policy decision makers. Domestic
factors and forces usually reflect in the international arena, while external
forces also have repercussions on the domestic scene. The relationship is
dynamic (Irene, 2010).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nigeria’s
foreign policy, a cardinal aspect of its overall life was impinged greatly upon
both a positive and negative sense by successive military leaders. Nigeria’s
external relations and its image internationally were severally impacted upon
during military rule. Military Heads of state like General Yakubu Gowon,
Murtala Muhammed, Olusegun Obasanjo, Muhammadu Buhari, Ibrahim Babangida and
Sani Abacha, stamped their authority on the direction of Nigeria’s foreign
policy (Adefolarin, 2014). From the onset of military rule, Nigeria’s Foreign
policy assumed on Afro-centric shape in other words, the foreign policy goals
of Nigeria was largely targeted at the fostering of unity and development
of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the continent especially those in the
west Africa sub-region (Its immediate neighbours).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">After
15years of unbroken military rule and an unstable political landscape, the
return to civil rule in May, 1999 was with high expectations that the
liberalization of the political space in Nigeria would impact on the foreign
policy arena that Nigeria would be moved out of the political doldrums at both
domestic and international realms. The Obasanjo administration was expected to
break off the hostile foreign policy, posture of the Babangida and Abacha
military regimes and consolidate the re-integrative efforts of the preceding
Abubakar regime. While Yar’adua that took over from Obasanjo in 2007 was more
on a slow pace and not interested to pursue foreign policy with as much vigor
as that of his predecessor (Irene, 2010, Adefolarin, 2014).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
foreign analysis demonstrated the values of the linkages as an explanatory
paradigm for understanding Nigeria’s foreign policy in the fourth republic,
particular under Goodluck Jonathan administration 2011-2015. The linkage of
analysis will be used to identified explore and analyze the domestic input that
define foreign policy goals and priorities and to determine the choice open to
Jonathan administration was preoccupied with domestic power tussle, especially as
it entails power shelf between the North and South as arranged in the People’s
Democratic Party (PDP). All these were seen as affecting it concentration of
fine turning Nigeria foreign policy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">However,
a holistic research unto the impact or effect of Jonathan administration in
Nigerian’s administration on Nigeria’s foreign policy in the fourth republic
offer a very important venture. What contributions did Jonathan administration
make to the image of the country on an international scale? This is an imperative
purpose of this research undertaking. This study will specifically anchor on
fourth republic with particular on Goodluck Jonathan Administration as evidence
in the research topic.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2 Statement of the Problem</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">This
study examines the issue of Nigeria foreign policy in the fourth republic or
the perception of external elements of Nigeria’s foreign policy under the
Goodluck Jonathan administration 2011-2015. Nigeria’s foreign policy image is
an integral part and parcel of its overall existence hence a positive image of
Nigeria from the outside world is very essential. Nigeria’s foreign policy
image is one that will have a huge bearing on it and portray it as either a
success or a failure. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">On
the basis of the fact that the nation since May, 29, 1999 at the commencement
of fourth republic civil rule as an enjoyed 15years of Unbroken democratic
process, it is therefore logical to examine the effect civilian administration
had on Nigeria’s foreign policy image. Having said this, the radar of this
study will specifically be on the Goodluck Jonathan administration. Essentially
this study will address the issue of the weighted and cold effect the civilian
administration had on Nigeria’s foreign policy with a case study of the fourth
republic under the Jonathan administration and also deal with the important
issues of a sustainable positive, pragmatic foreign policy image for Nigeria.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.3 Objectives of the Study</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
broad aim of this research is to investigate and analyze the contribution of
the Jonathan administration to Nigeria foreign policy in the fourth republic
and relation to:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To give clear understanding to the vital
issue of foreign policy image.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To evaluate the effect of civilian rule
on Nigeria’s foreign policy image.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To examine Nigeria’s foreign policy under
Jonathan administration.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(iv)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To identify the difficulties in
formulating Nigeria foreign policy in the fourth republic.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(v)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To suggest ways through which Nigeria
foreign policy can impact positively.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.4 Research Propositions</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">That
foreign policy in connection with civilian rule is necessary condition for
positive Nigeria external image.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">That
foreign policy in Nigeria’s fourth republic as not being pragmatic and
proactive enough to position Nigeria as a potential force.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">That
the Jonathan administration contribution to Nigeria foreign policy was below
expectation even with abundant resources available to the government.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">That
domestic influence contributed to the poor outing of the Nigeria’s foreign
policy in the fourth republic.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.5 Significance of the Study</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Is
the Nigeria external image international; relations and economic diplomacy
better or worse under fourth republic? This is the pertinent question this
study will see to provide answers to. The study will help to enhance the
understanding of Nigeria foreign policy image when analyses of our
international relations efforts are being appreciated.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Another
significance of this study is that, the study of international relation and
diplomatic perspectives of Nigeria’s foreign policy and critically observed in
the fourth republic demand pragmatic approach. This strategy can help
significant in improving our understanding of the real effects of foreign
policy image and suggesting useful tools for shaping public policies that can
create favourable condition for domestic economic development or minimize
negative impacts of external forces in the long run. This study is very
significant due to the fact the Nigeria’s foreign policy in the fourth republic
has continue to witness a low level of impact that pragmatic at the forefront,
of which the image of the country is negatively view considering the previous
years of the vibrant foreign policy as enshrine in the foundation principle of
Nigeria’s<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>foreign policy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Another
significance of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>this study is that, it
will give a clear perspective and understanding of the impacts foreign policy
as undertaking during the Jonathan administration, and considered it
contribution to the achievement or otherwise of positive image of the
Nigeria<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>state. Moreover, another
important significance is to add to the general body of knowledge. Enlighten
the Nigerian public on the assessment of foreign policy in the fourth republic
with specific reference to the Goodluck Jonathan administration (2011-2015).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.6 Scope and limitations of the
study</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">This
study covers the period of Goodluck Jonathan administration (2011 – 2015) with
particular focus on the fourth republic.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
limitations of this study include principally the financial comments one would
have to make in order to do a through job. Others include the issue of time,
physical and mental strain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Another
limitation is the combination of school programmed and research work of this
magnitude need total concentration which was lacking. Again assessing all the
materials needed for the study was not quiet easy, this solely as a result of
human nature not willing to give out the entire information for researchers
needs for a study.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.7 Research Methodology</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">This
study will be undertaken using entirely secondary sources of data. Secondary
data, which entails library research from the Nigerian institutes of
international affairs and other establishment where necessary materials needed
for this study shall be gathered for relevant and cogent findings of this
research. Information shall be gotten from journals, books, articles,
newspaper, magazine, internet sources and conference papers. This study employs
descriptive mode of data analysis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.8 Definitions of Terms</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Foreign Policy:</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>The Instrumentality by which
states influence or seek to <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>influence external
world and to attain objectives that are <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>in consonance with their
perceived national interest.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">International Relation:</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Conscious promotion of peace
among nation states <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>and of the
study and enhancement of the mechanism of <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>conflict
prevention, management and resolution.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">National Interest:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This is the totality or aggregate of
interest of individual <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>and groups
within a given nation state.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Development:</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Development is a progressive
movement or change in <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>quality and quantities.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Democracy:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This
is government of the people, by the people, <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>for the people.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diplomacy:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>The
management of international relation by negotiation, <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>the
method by which relations are adjusted and managed <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>by
ambassadors and envoys.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Decision making:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This is an insightful guide to taking certain action in s <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>situation after careful weighing of options.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pragmatic:</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>A purpose
action that bring positive outcome without <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>losing focus in a
process.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.9 Organization of the study</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">This
research project is divided into five chapters and each of these chapters
addresses various issues that pertain to the subject of study.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Chapter
one, entails the introduction that cover, background, statement of the
problems, objectives, propositions, significance, methodology, definition of
terms and organization of study.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Chapter
two covers the literature of the study and theoretical framework.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Chapters
three discuss issues around overview of Nigerian foreign policy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Chapter
four focus on the fourth republic with significance discussion on the Jonathan
administration.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Chapter
five entails summary, conclusion and summary.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Adefolarin Olamilekanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00999790251206403460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8685843216341238613.post-4862277647907053852016-07-16T10:59:00.000-07:002016-07-16T10:59:04.376-07:00THE POLITICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE CONSEQUENCE ON THE FIGHT AGAINST GLOBAL WARMING: A CASE STUDY OF NIGERI <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">THE POLITICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
CONSEQUENCE ON THE FIGHT AGAINST GLOBAL WARMING:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ABSTRACT</span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
The burning issues of climate change
and global warning remained one of the greatest challenges of 21<sup>st</sup>
century. The study examines politics of climate change consequence on the fight
against global warning, using Nigeria as a case study. The hypothesis that
climate change is one of the greatest global challenges whose threat is not
only global but<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>also multi- dimensional,
invincible ,unpredictable<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and transcend
borders, successive government in Nigeria over the years have ensure
comprehensive approach to issues of global warming and climate change were
analyzed using chi-square technique. To further accomplish this task, a sample
of 200 was taken by administering questionnaires and rate of return was 100%.
The analysis revealed that government in Nigeria should increase the proactive
approach to reduce the effect of climate change on Nigeria environment. The
study therefore recommended that Nigeria state actors need to promote low
carbon economy in Nigeria. The government in Nigeria should also intensify
campaign and enlightenment in climate change. While the UN should sustained the
drastic decision and encourage nations all around to reduce green house gas
emission and get flaring, among other recommendations.</div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Chapter One</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Introduction</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1.1 Background to the Study </b></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Climate change is a global
phenomenon, which affects continents, nations and peoples differently. It
afflicts people in various depths and levels, at different times and phases of
existence. There is no nation that is absolutely free from climate change.
Climate change has had a profound effect on economic, socio, cultural,
political, technological and even biological nature of man and plants in the
global village (Oladipo, 2009).</div>
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<br /></div>
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According to Assy (2009), of all the
attributes of climate change, global warming is the most outstanding. This<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>phenomenon which is the gradual increase in
the temperature of ocean and landmasses on the earth’s surface over time, has
resulted in the drastic change in weather and climate<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pattern<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>across the world from the slow but quite significant melting of the ice
caps in the arctic and Antarctica<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>regions, to the incessant incident of unprecedented flooding experienced
in different part of the world etc. these and other disasters such as
hurricanes in the Caribbean and parts of Africa, Asia and America , united
states<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mexico, massive<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>flooding in south east Asia, Europe, Africa,
and forest fire s in the united states , part of Europe and Australia,
excessively high temperature in parts of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Africa , Asia and America , severe and bitter winter in the temperate
regions, excessively intense rainfall in most part of Africa, south<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>east Asia and parts of north and south
America increasing rate of draught and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>desertification in most part of Africa content etc all are resultant
effect<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of Globe worming<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( IPCC report 2001). </div>
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<br /></div>
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Edeh and Eme (2014 opined that
climate change has become a factor that has harped on and compounded the
problems of the globe through environmental dimension. Moreover, it has been
viewed by philosophers in the past passively as less harmful, but due to the current
globalization of values, information and trends aided by science and technology,
free movement of goods, services and information likening the world as a </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Global village; certain problems and
social changes as climate change<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>has been viewed to of local contribution in
different atomized but yet connected and global effects. Climate change has had
itself to be presented as having a cites trephine and in parlance of the sustenance
of the world biological and non- biological existence. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Assy (2009), viewed that climate
change occur as a result of both internal variability within the climate system
and the external factor (both natural and autogenetic). The influence of
external factors on climate can be broadly compared using the concept of
irradiative force. A positive irradiative forcing such as that produce. By
increasing concentration of green use gases, tends to worm the surface. A negative
irradiative forcing on the other hand arising from an increase in some types of
aerosols (microscope airborne particles) tends to cool the surface. Natural
factors such as explosive voltage activity can also cause irradiative forcing
through its impact is less service than those caused by human activity though
green house.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Akinyosoye (2006) opined that a large
number of scientific and government organization have agreed that global
warming is caused by man-n made increase in green house gases, which include
carbon dioxide, hydropluorocarborns (HFCs) and perfluordcarbons (PFCS). These
gases sit in the earth’s atmosphere absurdly the suns radiation. Current levels
and at 370 parts per million volumes (PPMV), up from 280 ppmv 100 years ago. It
is not one major world vide change that most people do not take into account in
the economy. Smith (2010) stressed that some people benefit financially from
global warming while other people suffer from the adverse effect of global
warning. Some compares that benefit financially are those that are in the
higher land that will not become flooded those that can easily adapt to the
needs of the earth and of earth’s population, and people whose job. It is to
study the environment. Green companies are already reaping benefits from global
warming as people are trying to buy products they do not hurt the environment
when they are made. </div>
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On the contrary Ayinde et al (2010)
emphasized that many businesses and types of jobs become obsolete and garlicky
go bankrupt. Those who go bankrupt due to global warming will crumble because
they were in the wrong area could not adapt quickly enough to the changing
needs of the world or their job is not possible any more. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
At present human kinds dependence on
carbon based energy is causing global warming and climate change is
accelerating more rapid and dangerous, than anticipated even predicated by
scientists. The 2007 united nations report based on the work of ( 2000)
scientists predicated that Africa and sub- Saharan Africa which included <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nigeria would suffer most from drought
agricultural change , rising in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sea
level , threatening coastal areas and the speed of tropical pests and diseases
( UN report 2007). </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
The effect of global warming are also
felt here in Nigeria. The rapid rate of desertification in the northern fringes
of the country is a cause for concern. Areas that were once covered by
vegetation have been engulfed by the rapidly advancing threats of the Sahara.
Same also goes for the coastal fringes with the Atlantic Ocean rising at a
rapid rate with consequences being beach recession as a rescues being beach
recession as a result of coastal erosion. The bar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>beach and the entire pictorial Island once
for plunge from the Atlantic are now competing for space<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>with<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>the surging waves of the ocean. There is a growing fear of the fact that
this and other coastal areas of the country would one day be completely
submerged by the sea. The vulnerability of the Niger delta region of the
country has<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>been demonstrated by the
devastating effect of pollution and land depredation base on the activity of
oil companies operating in that oil companies operating in that<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>part. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Hence it is of paramount to
understand the politics of climate change consequence on the fight against global
warming, with a focus on Nigeria. Though the Nigerian government has
commendably being in the fore front in the campaign against climate change and
global warming, more needs to be done in the area of environmental
sensitization. Lack of total enforcement of environmental laws, ignorance and
some traditional beliefs have continued to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>be obstacles to environmental sustainability. </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1.2
Statement of Research Problem</b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
The fight against global warming g
has been replete with genuine interest on the one hand and intrigues on the
other. Thus fight has unfortunately been over<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>wheel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>melded by this intrigues
and politicization by different interest groups, especially some of the economically
developed countries of the world which have<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>tried by all means to ensure that their economic interests are protected
even if ,it means going against some international protocol to curb global
warning and climate changes.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
The argument behind this
uncompromising stance by the developed nation on the one hand and the won
commitment of the developing nations on the other stamps from political and
economics. While the developed nations argue that the cost of carbon divide
reduction would be too high to bear. The developing nations Nigeria on the
other hand are keen to ensure an accelelerated rate of development which is equally
dependent on carbon- inducing avenges. the while it took the developed nations
quite a time and resources to developed their<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>economies at the expense of many factors including the world’s climate
the developing <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>countries need time and resources to develop
their own economies so as to meet up with the developed world. Hence any
attempt to limit this pace or development through embargo on carbon emission would
amount to deprivation of the industrial base of such countries and would
therefore prolong the rate of dependency on these industrial nation and further
lead to economic slavery. There should therefore be and of waiver for them they
argue.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
While this argument rape on and
different position taken the fact remain that the state of the world’s climate
in continued to deteriorate over the years and at an alarming rate. However
what is clear in that there are fears associated with it. Fear of national catastrophe
or food insecurity and of technology change as well as the human security and
other socio- economic impact that can lead to human annihilation. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perhaps that is why the climate change and
economic implication has become a major concern to global governed institution
national government and civil society around the world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For Nigeria, which often not only speak for
herself but also for Africa climate change poses a specific challenge to its terming
population of about 170 million? The need therefore for a comprehensive approach
to issues of global warning by the government becomes pertinent <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>i. e to tackle ecological and environmental
problems in the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>country as an assurance
that the fight against<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>climate change
and global warming is really in progress. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1.3 Objectives of
the Study </b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
The objectives of the study basically are to: </div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Examines The Issues Of Climate Change In
Nigeria.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -40.5pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Identify Significant Changes Brought By Climate
Change On Nigeria.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -40.5pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Address Politics Of Climate Change As It Affects
The Fight Against Global <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Warning.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -40.5pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>IV.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Bring To Focus Suggestion And Appropriate
Recommendations To Sustain The Fight.</div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>V.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span> </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1.4 Research
Questions<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></div>
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The research questions would guide
the researcher on what to do as well as how to go about the research work. The
research questions will include this following: </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>What is the impacts and biting effect of climate
change in Nigeria? </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>What are the ecological problems, which have
direct link to climate change? </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>If so much effort has been made by the Nigeria
Government campaign <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>against climate
change and global warming, why are Nigerians still largely <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>indifferent?</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">IV.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Are relevant agencies responsible for the
regulations and control of <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>environmental
regulations and control of environmental abuse strategically <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>empowered to tackle these problem?</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1.5 Research
Hypothesis </b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
The research hypotheses that will
guide the study are as follows:</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">1 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hi:</b>
that </span>climate change is one of the greatest global challenges of the 21st
century whose threat is not only global but also multi dimensional invisible unpredictable
and transcends borders. </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ho:</b>
that climate change is not one of the greatest global challenges of the 21s
century whose treat not global non multidimensional non invisible, but predictable
and neither Transcend borders</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
2. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hi:</b> successive garment in Nigeria over the years have ensure
comprehensive approach to issues of global warming and climate change </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ho:</b>
successive government in Nigeria over the years have failed to ensure
comprehensive approach to issues if global warning and climate change </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1.6 Scope and
Limitations of the Study </b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
To conduct an
effective research in Nigeria is always a herculean task, owing to people
attitudinal disposition towards the release of information. The study focuses
on the politics of climate change consequence on the fight against global
warning with Nigeria as the case study </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
The cost of
financing the research work is high and there is invited fund available for the
research work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.7 Significance of the Study </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 4.5pt; text-align: justify;">
Achieving significant
result in rescuing global warning often hinges on what is done, how it done
when it is done and whom it is targeted at. It is obvious from several studies
that climate change is impacting negatively on the environmental. It therefore
requires concerted effort by all to contribute to the success of this all –
important but elusive goal. Such efforts can only be meaningful if it stems
from an empirical study in order to support the government to realize the
global lofty objective of fighting global warning. </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: 0in; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>I.</span></span>The study is expected to be a concerted effort
to identify articulate and highlight the existence, the causes and effects of
climate change </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: 0in; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>II.</span></span>It
is a guest to streamlining climate change measure and approach towards making
them more potent.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: 0in; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>III.</span></span>The
study is also expected to be benefit to a number of groups especially
stakeholders of climate change and global warning reduction effort such as non
government organization and community based group would be encourage to continual
the fight against global warning </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: 0in; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>IV.</span></span>The
research is expected to be part of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>data
bank for operators as well as policy makers in the fight against global warning
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: 0in; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>V.</span></span>It
will arouse the interest of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>student to
conduct more research in this<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>field of
study</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.8 Research Mythology<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Both
primary and secondary data were used in the study. The primary data used were
the questionnaire administer, tend commented</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">for analysis. The secondary data were dewed
from various published data in books, newspaper, magazine, articles and archive
records.</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.9 Definition of Terms </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 4.5pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Politics:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
The articulation and aggregassion of interest through bar gaming and <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>compromise </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 4.5pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Climate Change</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:
This is a pattern of change affecting global or regional <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>climate conditions </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 4.5pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Global Warming:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
This palpable increase in global temperature that cause the <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>atmosphere to be warmer </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 4.5pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Globalization:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
Is a process of creation a global market place, for <span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>interconnection and facilitate dependence.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 4.5pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Development:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The progressive movement that encompass
position change </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mitigation and Adaptation Measures</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:
mitigation is the slowing down of <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>global warning adaptation is deeply with
the exciting <span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>damage
or efforts of climate change. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 4.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Global Warming</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:
This is a gradual reduction in the amount of global direction <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>irradiance of the earth’s surface. The main cause of this
dimming <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>is an aerosols’
produced by volcanoes and pollutants<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 4.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Poverty:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Is state where an individual is not able to cater adequately for his / her
basic <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>needs </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1.10
Organization of the Study </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 4.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
study is organized into five chapters the first chapter deals with the basis
induct of the study, while second chapter receive the excising literature
relevant from the study the chapter is concluded with a theoretic framework</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Chapter three focuses on the research
methodology,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">While
also chapter four focuses on presentation and analysis of data.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Chapter
five is about summary conclusion and recommendations. </span></div>
Adefolarin Olamilekanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00999790251206403460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8685843216341238613.post-45978211129433721772016-07-16T10:55:00.002-07:002016-07-16T10:55:15.205-07:00THE EFFECT OF OWNERSHIP CONCENTRATION ON CORPORATE PERFORMANCE: A CASE STUDY OF COCA – COLA (NIGERIAN BOTTLING COMPANY PLC.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">THE
EFFECT OF OWNERSHIP CONCENTRATION ON CORPORATE PERFORMANCE: A CASE STUDY OF </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">COCA
– COLA (NIGERIAN BOTTLING COMPANY PLC.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ABSTRACT</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The
study is a perception survey effect of concentration on corporate performance
in Coca Cola Nigeria Bottling Company Plc. It defines ownership concentration
in corporate performance as a process that facilitate influence among
individuals when are otherwise key to company success. It assures that
ownership concentration involvement enhance efficiency in corporate performing.
The research question addressed the extent of the relationship ownership
concentration in corporate performance in Coca Cola Nigerian Bottling Company
Plc, which is the place of the study. While the duration of study is between
April and January 2016. A descriptive research design was used in executing the
study using 200 randomly selected respondents from a population of 6,141
employees for questionnaire administration. However, 160 questionnaires were
returned. In addition, there were face to face interviews and collection of
secondary data about the company being studied. The aspect of the study is the
use of cross – sectional survey research designed in generating the required
primary data. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential
statistics result from the data analysis indicated that significant
relationship exist between ownership concentration and corporate performance.
The research therefore concludes that significant relationship exist between ownership
concentration and corporate performance in Coca Cola Nigerian Bottling Company
Plc. Also we recommended among others: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>encouragement of work teams, improvement of
reward system, improvement of reward system, encouragement of promote share
holding, improvement in internal communication chemicals, creating a healthy
operating environment and training and re-tray of employees.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keywords:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Ownership Concentration,
corporate performance corporate governance, Coca Cola Nigeria Bottling Company
Plc Ownership, Profitably Employees</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">TABLE OF CONTENT</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Title
page</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Declaration</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Approval
page</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dedication</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Acknowledgement</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Abstract</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Table
of Content</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Abstract</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">CHAPTER ONE:</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">INTRODUCTION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Background
of the study-<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Statement
of the problem-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Objectives
of the study-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Research
Questions-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Research
Hypotheses-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Significance
of the study-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Scope
and Limitation of the study-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.8<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Research
Methodology<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.9<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Definition
of Terms-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.10<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Organization
of the study-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">CHAPTER
TWO:</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">REVIEW
OF RELATED LITERATURE</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Review of Related Literature-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Theoretical Background-<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>History of Coca Cola Nigeria Bottling
Company Plc-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.3.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Company Overview-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.3.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Current Ownership Structure of -<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Coca
Cola Nigeria Bottling Company Plc-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.3.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Annual Production of NBC Plc-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.3.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Challenges Facing Beverages Industries in
Nigeria-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">CHAPTER THREE:</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Introduction (Background)-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Research Design-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Population of the study-<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sampling Technique -<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Instrument for data collection-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Validity of the instrument-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.7<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Method of Data Analysis -<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">CHAPTER FOUR:</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF
RESULT.</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Distribution of responses -<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.1.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Range of service experience of the respondents-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.1.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The means responses on the relationship </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">between
ownership concentration and corporate </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">performance
in Coca Cola Nigerian Bottling Company Plc -<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.1.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Goodness – of – fit chi-square-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.1.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The means of responses on the relationship </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">between
ownership concentration and</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">enhance
official in corporate performance in </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Coca
Cola Nigerian Bottling Company Plc. -<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Summary and Findings<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Conclusion<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Recommendation-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bibliography-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Appendix 1-<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Appendix 2-<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Appendix 3-<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">CHAPTER ONE</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">INTRODUCTION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Background
of the Study</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ownership
concentration is one side of the concept ownership structure. The concept of
ownership structure can be defined along two dimensions: (i) ownership
concentration, (ii) ownership mix. The former refers to the share of the
largest owner and is influenced by absolute risk and monitoring costs,
while<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the latter is related to the
identity of the major shareholders such as ownership concentration, foreign
ownership domestic ownership, etc (Nguyen et al, 2015). According to classens
and Djankov cited in Nguyen etal (2015), the overall concentration of ownership
as well as particular types of investors (ownership concentration and ownership
mix) are responsible for the changes in profitability and labour productivity.
The research of sun and Tong (2003) showed that state ownership having negative
impacts on firms performance in China; While foreign ownership does not show
uniformly strong, positive impacts on firms performance, can be beneficial in
many ways such as improving commitment productivity, morale and harnessing
internal resources and teamwork.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Apparently,
as ownership concentration is believed to influence performance. Banz (1981)
had found that ownership and size have an effect on firm performance. May make
big effects on business incentives, merges and acquisition, competition and
oversight of agency. The exist as a substantial fact on whether and how the
effect of ownership concentration on corporate performance. This as informed
the subject as an important and ongoing debate in the corporate environment.
Uwalomiva and Olamide (2012) have studied the relationship between ownership
concentration with the performance of the 31 companies operating in Nigeria
financial sector in the period 2006 – 2010. By using regression models with
dependent variable is the rate of return on total assets, the independent
variables are the rate of ownership of shareholders (members of board of
Directors), the rate of ownership of foreign shareholders has shown that (1)
the company has shareholders as members of the Board of Directors will better;
(2) the foreign shareholders would also bring positive results in the company’s
operations, due to the company management more efficient, and to the skills and
new techniques.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Furthermore,
Clerk and Wojcik (2005) had argued that high ownership concentration indicate a
more closed corporate governance regime, with less information available to
outside investors and a high potential for insider trading, companies with more
closed corporate governance tend to exhibit more votatile stock market prices.
In brief high ownership concentration tends to inhibit corporate stock market
returns. Continuing the study, clerk and Wojic, (2005) examined the financial
valuation of a German model. The relationship of ownership concentration and
firm performance ownership concentration and market performance were studied
would encourage a long-term competitive and investment strategy. They show that
financial markets discount ownership concentration and there is a significant
negative relationship between ownership concentration and the average daily
rate of return.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">In
addition, common evidence showed in developed countries like the U.S. and U.K,
nations like central and Eastern Europe or in developing countries (Gedajlovic
and Shapiro 1998). One reason might be the fact that many developing economics
are characterized by considerable family ownership listed corporations
(Claessens et al 2000). And also emerging markets have different characteristic
such as different political, economic and institutional conditions, which limit
the application of developed markets empirical models.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">In
developing countries, micco et al (2004) identified a strong relationship
between ownership that state – owned banks tens to have lower profitability
than their private counterparts, and foreign – owned banks tend to be
characterized by higher profitability. Kwuri (2013) studies the effects of
ownership concentration on Banks profitability in Kenya. The result showed that
ownership concentration is negatively correlated with bank profitability. The
Foreign ownership and the domestic ownership are also positive correlated with
bank profitability.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ownership
concentration has been widely studied and found to have effect on corporate
performance. However, the effect on corporate performance could showed a
negative effect, as while as positive effect. significantly ownership
concentration types also play an imperative role in this, such as institutional
individual, government and foreign ownership. They suggest to us the nature of
ownership structure, shareholding as important in determine the ownership
concentration on its performance. The particular attention in manufacturing
emanates from the conviction that the sector is a potential instrument of
modernization, a creator of jobs and a generator of positive spill – over
effects (Tybout 2000), It against this background that we carried out a
research on the effect of ownership concentration on corporate performance
using Coca- Cola Plc as a case study.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Statement
Of The Problem</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Due
to the current rate of business failure there is an unsurge of interest to no
why some company succeed and why some fails. As the critical life wire of a
company, how can ownership concentration properly value? Also, what effect does
ownership concentration play in enhancing corporate performance and managerial
efficiency of a corporate organization? many business organization due to lack
of proper ownership concentration control has suffered great losses. some
companies have gone under due to the negative impact on either corporate
performance under – performance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The
aim of ownership concentration is to ensure significant monitoring cost and
minimize risk, whilst at the same time maintaining profitability and labour
productivity. Clearly, there are some problems in having either too little
ownership concentration or high ownership concentration. Basically, there are
effect of ownership concentration on corporate performance. these<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are competitive and investment strategy,
profitability, return on assets, return on equity, productivity, profitability
and managerial efficiency.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">This
research work intend to examine the effect of ownership concentration on
corporate performance levels. This work however, intends highlight the probable
solution to problems arising from negative impact of ownership concentration.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hence,
for corporate performance to excel in improved productivity, increase
commitment of the work force, profitability and managerial efficiency, there is
need for ownership, concentration to ensure relationship that favour changes in
profitability and labour productivity. There is also a need for a relationship
to exist between ownership structure, ownership concentration efficiency of a
corporate performance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Theoretically,
ownership concentration over company is assumed to increase commitment of on
the part of management control, this leading to improved productivity. Secondly
there is popular belief that ownership concentration has a way of assuring
industrial harmony by creating positive correlation with profitability, thereby
leading to sustainable performance and by incentive that rob on industrial
relationship between ownership structure, size of the board of directors,
managerial shareholding and employees. It is against this backdrop that we
carry out an empirical study on the theoretical proportion of the effect of ownership
concentration on corporate performance, using Coca-Cola Plc as a case study.
This work is to find out the extent of convergenence or Divergence between
theory and practice in Coca – Cola Plc.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Objective
of the Study</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The
General Objectives of the study is to determine the effect of ownership
concentration has on corporate performance with a view to suggesting some
measure of improving corporate performance, profitability and managerial
efficiency.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">To
meet it general objective, the study will focus on the specific objectives:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">To
inquire the effect of ownership concentration in Coca – Cola Bottling Company
Plc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">To
find out the level of ownership concentration in Coca – Cola Nigeria Bottling
Company Plc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">To
ascertain the impact of owner concentration on Coca – Cola performance and
managerial efficiency.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iv.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">To
suggest better ways of achieving ownership concentration. Thus achieving good
performance for owner’s shareholders, management and employees.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">To
determine the problems associated with ownership concentration at Coca – Cola
Nigeria Bottling Company Plc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Research
Questions</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Does
ownership concentration affect corporate performance?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Does
ownership concentration affect management decision making?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">How
consistent do ownership concentration affect corporate performance?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">What
are the problem associated with ownership concentration in Coca – Cola Nigerian
Bottling Company Plc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ownership concentration motivate
increase corporate performance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.5 Research Hypotheses</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">In
order to ensure the objectives of the research and also provide answers to the
research problems, the following research hypotheses are formulated:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ho:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There
is no significant relationship between ownership concentration and <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>corporate performance in Coca-Cola NBC
Plc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There is significant relationship between ownership concentration
and <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>corporate <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>performance in Coca-Cola NBC Plc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ho:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There
is no significant relationship between ownership concentration and enhance
efficiency in corporate performance in Coca-Cola NBC Plc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hi:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There
is significant relationship between ownership concentration and enhance
efficiency in corporate performance in Coca-Cola NBC Plc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.6
Significance of The Study</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The study is an attempt to
explore the effect of ownership concentration on corporate performance. However
it is partly a new subject for researches in Nigeria. Looking towards all
scholarly studies completed in Nigeria, it is observed that there is
insignificance research work done on this subject meter and this has created a
wide gap, which needs to be filled up by the present and the future human
resources management scholars.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Furthermore, this research will
show the significance of ownership concentration and their effect on manage
efficiency, profitability and organizational productions. This will help the
management of coca-cola plc, the government, manufacturing and merchandizing
company, individuals, researchers and other interested persons who may wish to
carry out a researcher on ownership concentration.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.7 Scope And Limitation Of The
Study</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The study is limited to coca-cola
plc, the available secondary date and other sources such as internet,
libraries, journal, newspaper and primary date collected by means of structured
questionnaires.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The researches of this mequitude
is not without some limitation. The speed and cost of getting materials/ date
have limited effect on the study, to this end, the bottleneck associated with
getting materials from coca-cola plc actually slowed drummed date guarding and
analysis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The above limitation does not
however in anyway nullify the validity and reliability of the reclusion that
have been researched in this research, it only makes room for unavoidable errors.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.8 Definition of Terms:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Ownership: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The
people who have some thing to themselves. That is being the founder or creator
of a business entity or business enterprise, even a building.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ownership
Structure:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> This
entail owner ship concentration and ownership mix in the form of shareholders,
identify of major owners, mountoricy cost risk and corporate governance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Corporate
Performance: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The
act sign which an organization systematically does it business excellently.
This also entails an effective result.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Corporate
Governance:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> The
putting a machine that ensure effective direction and controlled of business.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Management:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> This is made up of top and
middle level management. Top management includes shareholders, board of
directors and managing director, while middle management includes heeds of
department, manager deputy and assistant.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Profitability: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The platform that ensure a gain
from doing selling or doing business. That is making a lot of financial
monetary gain in non- monetary gain but impact full.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Institution: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">This entail a large organization
such as a corporate entity engage in commercial ventures.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Commitment:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> The state of quality of being
dedicated to a cause or activity.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Productivity: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">This means a measure of the
affiance of production, that is of production’s capability to create income,
which is measured by the formula reel output value virus reel input value</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Section Making:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> This is cognitive process result
in the selection of a belief or course of action among several alternative
possibility.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.9
Organization of The Study</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The research will be organization
into five chapters made up as follows:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Chapter One: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">This chapter will be made up of
the introduction, statement of problem, objective, scope, significance,
definition of terms and the organization of the study.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Chapter Two:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Then cover the reviews of
related interties, that is what has alertly been written and said about
ownership concentration and its relevance to corporate performance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Chapter Three: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">This chapter deals with the
researcher methodology, that includes researches design, sources of date,
method of date analysis, questionnaire design and administration e.g.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Chapter Four:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> This chapter put formed discussion
on date presentation and analysis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Chapter Five:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> This is the final chapter and it
comprises of the summery, conclusion and recommendation and areas for further
researcher.</span></div>
Adefolarin Olamilekanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00999790251206403460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8685843216341238613.post-31518967058010697892016-07-16T10:47:00.001-07:002016-07-16T10:47:56.596-07:00DEMOCRACY AND THE CHALLENGE OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN NIGERIA: AN EXAMINATION OF THE FOURTH REPUBLIC<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TITLE
PAGE</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DEMOCRACY
AND THE CHALLENGE OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN NIGERIA: AN EXAMINATION OF THE FOURTH
REPUBLIC</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ABSTRACT</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Political parties are important institutional
component of liberal democracy and success of liberal democracy and successful
electoral machinery and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>processes.
Parties produce the candidate<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>set the
parameters of issues and political agenda within which elections are to be
contested and are further more expected to perform these duties democracy and
the challenge of political parties in Nigeria and examination of the fourth
republic, with keen interest in the All Progress Congress (APC) adventure in
the Nigeria political spices. In the studies it observe that political parties
are a form or human organization concerned with the expression of popular
preferences, political choices and a means of controlling the policy making
structures of the government. In a democracy, the existence of political
parties is very essentials, owing to the important rules they play. The study
position on Nigeria, political parties have not been able to perform the
desired role in sustaining our democracy due to incessant inter and intra
parties crisis that usually characterize political parties in Nigeria
theoretical method has been used to appreciate the issues of political parties
as it affect democracy in Nigeria political parties is as a result of the study
therefore recommended for dedicated and truly nationalistic leadership at all
levels of our social- political re- engineering and social mobilization as
bases for building elite consensus on crucial national question. When achieved,
reforming Nigeria parties for greater productivity can be attained.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">TABLE OF CONTENTS</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Title
page: ----------------------------------------------------------- i</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Certificate:
-----------------------------------------------------------ii</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dedication:
----------------------------------------------------------iii</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Abstract<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:
-----------------------------------------------------------iv</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Table
of contents: --------------------------------------------------v</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Background
to the study ---------------------------------------------1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.2
Statement of the problem --------------------------------------------3</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.3
Objectives of the study -----------------------------------------------4</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.4
Research propositions ------------------------------------------------5</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.5
Significant of the study ---------------------------------------------5-6</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.6
Scope and limitation of the study ----------------------------------6</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.7
Research methodology ----------------------------------------------7</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.8
Definition of concept ------------------------------------------------8</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.9
Organization of the study--------------------------------------------10</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
AND THEORETICAL <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>FRAMEWORKS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.1
Literature Reviews -----------------------------------------------------11</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.1.1
Democracy -----------------------------------------------------------11-12</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.1.2
Political Party ------------------------------------------------------12-15</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.1.3
Democracy and political parties ----------------------------------15-18</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.2
Theoretical frameworks -------------------------------------------------19-25<u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">CHAPTER THREE:
OVERVIEW OF NIGERIAN POLITICAL PARTIES AND DEMOCRACY PROCESS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.1
Pre-independent political parties in Nigeria---------------------- 26-30</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.2
Post- independence and First Republic </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Political
parties and democracy-----------------------------------------31-36 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.3
The second republic political </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Party
democratic experience----------------------------------------------37-41 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.4
The aborted third republic </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Political
experiment---------------------------------------------------------42-46</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">CHAPTER FOUR: DEMOCRACY
AND POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE FOURTH REPUBLIC</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.1
Political parties and democracy 1999-2007-----------------------47</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.2
political parties and democracy 2007- 2010-----------------------51</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.3
Political parties and democracy 2010- 2015----------------------56</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.4
The consequences of political parties </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Challenge
to Nigeria Democracy---------------------------------------60</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">CHAPTER FIVE:
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDED</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5.1
Summary -------------------------------------------------------------65</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5.2
Conclusion ------------------------------------------------------------66</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5.3
Recommendation -----------------------------------------------------68</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>BIBLIOGRAPHY---------------------------------------------------------75</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">CHAPTER
ONE </b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Introduction</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Background<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">To begin with, the acceptability
of the democratic system of government is based on the nation that it
guarantees the participation of ‘the citizens in the decision making process.
In fact, the levels of citizen’s participation determine to which one cans label
democracy, majority rules. As noted by Agbaje (1999) democracy connote be
concerned in theory or created in practice without the creation, recognisation,
encouragement and expansion of the opportunities in the process.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Political parties are indispensable
institution of democratic process. Indeed sustainable democracy is unthinkable
without a viable political parties system. In an ideal setting, political
parties basically are expected to serve as a formidable democratization force
by articulating and aggregating public opinion and interest; engendering
popular participation and promoting political education and national
integration (Wanan, 2014).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Billy (1973), was of the view
that by promoting the virtues, political parties can contributes overtly to the
regard a polity can be said to be politically stable when and if there is a
congruence between the constitution and the regulatory rules of the system,
such that changes within the action – set, either in terms of the realignment
of forces in the salt, or its configuration, can be made to follow from and
conform with the regulative rules of the system. However Agbaja (1999) argued
also that, indeed, political stability and sustenance of democracy is
coterminous with political order and depend on the relationship between of
political participation and the level of political institutionalization which
can be measure in terms of maintenance. Civil order, legitimacy and government
effectiveness. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">According to Omotola (2012) the
level of institutionalization of political parties and their institutional
strengths are therefore, directly correlated to their ability to perform these
and related functional and by extension, to the strengths of democracy, if well
institutionalization political parties can serve as a set. Of mediating
institutions through which differences in ideals, interests and perceptions of
political problems at a given time can be managed. When the reverse is the
case, the democratic project and the general system stand the risk of
perversion and or out right erosion or collapse. Jega (2012) posit that
political parties are very important institution or agencies in democracy
modern democracies cannot function without political parties. According to the
scholar they serve. As the plat forms for interest aggregation and interest
representation<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in completive electoral
polities, indeed they serves as organizing platforms for electoral contests.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Politics can best be defined as
the science and art of governance. This means the knowledge of how to govern
society in the best Manner possible. History has show case various forms of governance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This includes monarchy, federalism, military
colonialism, oligarchy, anarchy, bureaucracy and democracy. Democracy, of all
this has been able to survival till the present time and highly appreciated as
a way of moderating entrance personalization of political power (Olamosu,
2008)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The practice of democracy in
Nigeria is still in its infancy. Even though we have historical accounts of
popular democracy being practiced in solve of our pre- colonial communities
like afikpo and arochukwu in Igbo land. But all these were eroded with colonial
rule. That exercised the use of force, militarism when in actual fact democracy
is said to be in practices in there parent country. Britain the fact remains
that this country was among to be practicing different form of government apart
from democracy in territories her colonized. In theory, these colonialists did
lay claim. To democracy but in practice it was clear that the regimes had
features of military than democracy. Most of the colonial officers in Nigeria
for instance were either serving military officers or retired officers.
Probably it may be argued this was the reason it was best described as colonial
rule (oluwide, 1993)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After colonial rule, when
Nigeria achieves her independence in 1960, attempts five years, October 1, 1960
January 15, 1960 before another form of government, direct military rule came
to power in Nigeria. Military rule has been described as an aberration in power
held its way and forced its self on Nigeria people for twenty- nine (29) years
of fifty-six years of Nigeria as an independent country (Olamosu, 2008).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Taking account of Nigeria historical
circumstances, Obadan and Bello- Imam ( 2004 ) contend that democratic
governance demand from the common man a certain level of character, rational
conduct and active participation in governance; the intelligent understanding
of public affairs, independent judgment and unselfish devolution to public interest.
Agbaje (1999) in consonance with Obadan and Bello- Imam observe that political
parties are essentials mechanism in a democratic government as its helps in
stabilizing the institutional device not only for representation, but also for
conflict management. These afore mention attributes of political parties do not
characterize political parties in Nigeria and are not instrument for conflict
management, political tolerance, unselfish devolution to public interest and
stabilization of the institutional device. They are used for promoting rancor,
crash opportunism, lack of trust between and among party members, selfish
ambitions for political power on who get what, when and how. In this way they
have not been able to contribute much for the sustenance of democracy in
Nigeria. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is in view of the above background that
the research work examine democracy and the challenge of political parties in
Nigeria: an examination of the fourth republic, with the intent of providing
stakeholder with necessary information that would help assiduously to
understand the intrigues, issues and the character of political parties in
Nigeria as while as providing stable democratic governance in the country.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.2</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Statement of Problem</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Political parties are important
institutional component of liberal democracy and successful electoral
machination and processes. Parties produce the candidates, set the parameters
of issues and political appends within which elections are to be contested and
are furthermore expected to perform these duties from one election to
another.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are twenty five (25)
registered political parties present in Nigeria. One common denominator of their
political parties are there weakness when compared to the political parties of
the first and second republic. Fifteen years after the return to democratic
governance, despite the fact that democratic process as enjoy uninterrutpion
from no quarters.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is therefore very necessary to unearth the
reasons for this weakness of these parties, culminating into challenge of
democracy. The reason this weakness can be traced to the recent political
history of the country whereby the state has been weakened beyond reasonable
doubt. For this reason, the first three registered political parties that were
creation of the state, (PDP, AD, and APP) in the real sense of it cannot be
strong than the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>state that created it.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">For instance it clear<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that PDP was a creation of amalgam of many
political trends of the same orientation – military, conservative politicians,
degenerate progressive and opportunistic trend of pass progressive movement.
What informs the coming together of these seemingly divergent political trends
is there desperate attempt to capture power at the centre by all means
possible, and they did hold the power for fifteen years.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Same goes for APP later
metamorphose to ANPP, and then brake away faction gives birth to CPC. Also, the
AD, change seal between CAN, CPC, ANPP and seal between CAN, CPC, NNPP and a
faction of APGA to form the present ruling all progressive congress (APC) that
took power from the PDP in the last general election. One thing that was set
before this political party’s withered determination to control government at
the centre. It is obvious that political parties in Nigeria and their entire members
come together not of democratic principle but largely as a means of sharing the
loot of public resources. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">According to he<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>electoral reform committees in 2008, it
stated that over the years<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the
politicians<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>have become more desperate
and daring<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in taking and retain my
political power, more reckless and greedy in there use and abuse of power, and
more intolerant of opposition criticism and efforts at displacing them. The
electorate seen its hopes dashed with each set of elections has come to believe
that politician lack the will to use state power to transform the lives of
ordinary citizens. This loss of confidence in government by the electorate is
the in government by the electorate is the threat to our democratic government.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">It is in view of the above
scenario that, this study will attempt to address the following tentative
research questions: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -96.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">What is the rational behind the
formation of political parties in Nigeria?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -96.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">What are the problems of democratic
practice in Nigeria? </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -96.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To what extent has challenges of
political parties hinder democratic dividends in Nigeria?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -96.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>IV.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Has political parties been able to
understanding the real essence of democratic government: in term s of equality,
fairness, justice accountabilities and transparency?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -96.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>V.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To what extent has the Nigerian mass
been involved in the formation o political parties?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -96.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>VI.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">How has democracy and election energy
been of benefit or affected the Nigerian masses?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.3
Objectives of the Study</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In spite of the above
research assumptions the study has the following research objective to achieve
and these are as followings: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To examine and identify the extent in which
political parties in the fourth republic has been able to make significant
contribution to Nigeria democratic.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To examine the significant contribution
of democratic to Nigeria polity, economic<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>socially </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To examine the obstacles pose to
democracy in Nigeria as a result of political parties activities.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iv.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To suggest possible ways that could
strengthen political parties’ ambitions for maximum democratic impact in
Nigeria. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.4</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Research Propositions </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In
an attempt to solve the research problems posed in this study, some research
propositions were posited. There propositions which are tentative speculative
statement include the following:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">political<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>parties<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>has<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>not enhanced the development
of democracy in Nigeria<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>unable </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">the
formation of unviable political<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>parties
has<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>weaklings the democratic virtues in
Nigeria fourth republic </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">democracy
remains the best form of government that allows form<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>participation and political<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>stability in Nigeria fourth republic </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.5</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Significance Of The Study</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The significance of
this research work is to duly carefully study the challenge pose to democracy
as a result of political party’s activities in the fourth republic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Also the significance of this research work
will enlighten the general public on the following:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To evaluate the essence of political parties </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To
show to politician the need to embrace peaceful – co- existence during and
after election.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Assist
scholars, student and researcher on the are of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>democracy<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and political parties
in Nigeria </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To
bring to light the state of the Nigerian democratic status and encourage the
masses to imbibe the will proactiveness.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Serve
as a reference point to policy makers the need to ensure peaceful transition of
democratic governance in Nigeria.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.6</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Scope and Limitation<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Of the Study </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">This study is designed
to examine democracy and the challenge of political parties Nigerian: An
examination of the fourth Republic within the period of 199-2015. The scope of
the study is Nigeria fourth republic. However, example and reference are drawn
from the First Republic, second and third republic which share common
historical experience with the fourth republic.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">As in any social
science and scientific research this study has some limitation. This research
work is limited by a number of factors and these include the following
constraints which made it a bit different to travel round to some important
places like political parties national sectarian for the source of information.
Another limitation time frame a combination research work of this magnitude
needs ample secondary source otherwise known as content analysis. The sources<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of this work would basically be derived
form. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.7</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Definition Of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Concepts </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Certain concept were
used is the study which may be ambiguous, so it will be of paramount to clarify
these terms at this point:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Democracy</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
This is a firm of popular government that allow for popular <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>participation of people.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Politics</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
This entails the process of interest, power sharing and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>articulation among political actors</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Elite</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
This demotes a group of people in a society who are powerful and <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>have <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>a lots if influence politically economically socials etc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Development</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
Development is a progressive movement or change in <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>quantity
and quali8ties </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Goal</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
an expected and result that satisfy one interest.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Political
Parties</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: This is an association of men and woman who <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>come together to contest for political
power through <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>election
and form government.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Election</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
This is the process of contesting for position where two people <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>via for leadership
position. Election allowed people to <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>choose
their representative in government or otherwise</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Violence</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
This can be seen as the total breakdown of law and order that <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>result in destruction of life and
properties </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.8</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Organization Of The Study</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The study is organized
into fire chapters the first chapter deals with the study, while the second
chapter deals with basic introduction of the study, while the second chapter
receives the existing literature relevant to the study and Theoretically
framework. Chapter three focus on the overview of Nigeria political parties and
democratic progress.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Chapter four is basically in democracy
and political parties in the fourth republic.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Chapter five is about summary conclusion
and recommendations.</span></div>
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Adefolarin Olamilekanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00999790251206403460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8685843216341238613.post-34914720303771740902016-07-12T11:06:00.004-07:002016-07-12T11:06:47.805-07:00THE IMPACT OF RAPID URBAN GROWTH ON SOCIO – ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA: A CASE STUDY OF ABUJA MUNICIPAL AREA COUNCIL<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: lime;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ABSTRACT</b>:</span> The study examined the impact of rapid
urban growth on the socio – economic development in Nigeria, using the Abuja
Municipal Area Council (AMAC) as a case study. According to the Nigerian
National Economic Empowerment Development strategy (2004) the rate of urban growth
in Nigeria is one of the fastest in the world. It is against this background
that the need for this research project work is undertaken purposely to find
out the effects of rapid urban growth on socio-economic development of Abuja
Municipal Area Council. Inn order to achieve these goals, the research adopts
survey design and questionnaire was used as an instrument for collection of
data. Analysis was done using simple percentages method of data analysis. After
careful analysis and interpretation of data collected. It was found that rapid
urban growth has negative and positive effects on socio- economic development
of AMAC.The urban population related to the rate of urbanization due to rural –
urban migration, which affect access to quality education, employment, health
care delivery and healthy environment. </span></div>
<a name='more'></a>An interesting finding of the study is
that the primary factor for the rapid urban growth in AMAC within short period
of time is migration. The consequence of this rapid urban growth and population
rise with in a short period is that of infrastructural facilities and services
are grossly inadequate to cater for the population. The study reveals that
there is inadequate good quality housing, poor waste management facilities,
inadequate electric power supply, inadequate good quality domestic water
supply, inadequate and unaffordable health care facilities, poor environment
health and traffic poor environment health and traffic, congestion in the
municipal. The study therefore recommends that the Abuja Municipal Area Council
Administration to embark on urban removal. Adequate infrastructural facilities
and services should be provided the resident. Mechanism for periodic review and
upgrading should be put in place to ensure a qualitative built urban environment,
with adequate resources and facilities to support a sustainable healthy living
and economic progress of the inhabitants of the council service.<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">TABLE OF CONTENT</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Title page -<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-i<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Certification -<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-ii</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Dedication<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-iii</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Acknowledgment <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-iv</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Abstract <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-v</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Table of content<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-vi</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">CHAPTER ONE</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">INTRODUCTION</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1.1 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Background
to the study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Statement
of the problem<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-3</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Objectives
of the study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-3</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
Research Hypothesis<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-4</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Significance
of the study <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-4</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1.6 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Scope
and limitation of the study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-5</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1.7<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Definition
of Terms<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-5-6</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1.8<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Organization
of the study<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-6</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">CHAPTER TWO</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAME WORK</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">2.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Introduction<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">2.1.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Review
of related literature<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">2.1.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rapid
Urban Growth and Socio – Economic Development<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">2.1.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nigeria
Federal Capital City, Abuja<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">2.1.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Abuja
Municipal Area Council, study Area<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">2.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Theoretical
Framework<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">CHAPTER THREE</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">3.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Introduction
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">3.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Research
Design <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">3.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sources
of Data Collection<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">3.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Study
population <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">3.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sampling
Techniques <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">3.6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Instrument
for Data Collection<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">3.7<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Administration
of instrument and procedure<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">3.8<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Method
of Data Analysis<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">CHAPTER FOUR</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">4.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Introduction
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">4.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Data
Presentation and Analysis<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">4.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Test
of Hypothesis<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">4.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Discussion
of findings<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">CHAPTER FIVE</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">5.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Summary-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">5.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Conclusion<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">5.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Recommendation
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">BIBLIOGRAPHY<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">APPENDIX <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">APPENDIX <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">APPENDIX<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">CHAPTER ONE</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">INTRODUCTION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -21.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Background To The Study</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
relationship between rapid urban growth and socio-economic development is more
apparent generally in Africa and in Sub-Sahara Africa in particular. Nigeria,
like any other developing countries, and Abuja the Federal Capital City
inclusive are faced with threat of increasing population known as “Urban
explosion”. According to Robert (1995), the towns are getting bigger and more
numerous; and an even increasing proportion of the population is concentrating
in them. The population explosion, which out faces or outgrows resources, can
“explode in suffering, explode in violence and explode in humanity”. Andrew
(1994) maintain that rapid urban growth has created gigantic problems in major
cities and metropolis, which have been manifested in political, social,
economic and psychological occurring all over the states and countries at
large.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">According
to Cohen (2006), in the last 50years, developing countries have experience
rapid and unprecedented urban growth due largely to industrialization and
changes in the global economy. Ejaro and Abubakar (2014) observe that the
physical rapid growth of urban areas is as a result of rural migration even urban
concentration into cities. It largely occurs because of the movement of people
from community concerned chiefly or solely with agriculture; to other
communities generally largely whose activities are primarily centered in
government, trade, manufacture, or allied interests. It is also seen as the
movement of populations from rural to urban areas, and the resulting increasing
proportion a population that resides in urban, rather than rural areas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">However,
there has been a phenomena increase urban growth rate in the developed
countries over the last fifty years with an average of 2.75 percent, while the
growth rate in developing countries on average for the same period states
around 6 percent. Nigeria’s urban population has been growing at a rate which
exceeds 6.5 percent and Lagos and Abuja in particular grew by 5.68 between 1999
– 2005. This growth rate is not matched by growth in other economic indices
(Otto 2007).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">According
to the UN state of the world population 2007 report, sometime in the middle of
2007, the majority of people worldwide were living in towns of cities for the
first time in history; this is referred to as the arrival of the “Urban Millennium”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>or the “tipping point”. In regard to future
trends, it is estimated 93% of urban growth occur in developing nations, with
80% of urban growth occurring in Asia and Africa (Ankerl, 1986; UNFPA, 2007).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ejaro
ad Abubakar (2014) notes that rapid urban growth in African countries reflect
substantial migration to cities from rural areas and also natural population
increase through increased births over death among city resident. They argue
that of the two major sources of urban population growth, in some countries,
natural increase plays the greater role while in some others migration from
rural areas contributes more. Cincotta and Eugelman (1987) observe that some
cities are growing two or three times faster than the country’s overall
population, reflecting massive migration to such cities.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Today,
at the beginning of the 21<sup>st</sup> century, there are around 400 cities in
the world with population over a million people, 75% of which are in low and
middle income countries. The population increase in urban areas is mostly
occurring in the developing countries of Latin America, East Asia and the
pacific, South Asia, central Asia, middle East and North Africa and the
Sub-Sahara Africa. While it as being projected that 17 of the world’s 20
largest cities are to be found in the developing countries (Dogan and Kasarda,
1989).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Otto
(2007) assert that urban growth is one of the most pervasive phenomena issues
occurring in many developing countries in general and Nigeria in particular but
the rapidity of urban growth poses grave consequence for socio-economic
development, which is yet to be fully grasped. According to the NEEDs document,
(2004), the rate of urban growth in Nigeria is one of the highest in the world.
Indeed Nigeria like a number of other developing countries, especially South East
Asian countries, face formidable urbanization challenges then the developed
countries face today.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">According
to the United Nation 2009 World population prospect which projected Africa to
exceed 1.7 billion people (and it may already have) and could reach up to 2
billion people by 2050, Seubbotime and Sheran (2002) argue that this makes
Africa the fastest growing continent and Africa’s rapid growth will also shift
and global population balance.However, despite Africa’s rapid population
growth, its socio-economic development remains stagnant. Population growth and
urbanization. Rich countries are urban countries, as No country has ever
reached high income levels with low urbanization (Ishaya and Bala, 2014).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agboola
(2005) notes that what is ironic and confounding, however, is that the
urbanization process in the more developed countries took many decades,
permitting a gradual emergence of economic, social and political systems o
tackle the problems of transformation. But the pattern of urban agglomerations
in the less developed countries are occurring more rapidly against a background
of higher population growth, less developed economic, social and political
systems.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">This
process of urbanization and city growth in developing countries has been
described by Hartshorne (1992) cited in Agboola (2005) as “false urbanization”.
According to him, it is false urbanization in the sense that the process is
primarily driven by demographic forces, particularly rural – urban migration,
rather than economic and industrial forces. While, the challenges to this false
urbanization include, high unemployment, environmental degradation,
deficiencies in urban services and inadequate housing, deterioration of
existing infrastructure, inaccessibility to key resources, social vices, crime
and violence (IHDP, 2005).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Falade
(2005) argue that there is a negative relationship between un-controlled and
unplanned rapid urban growth and socio-economic development. Rapid urban
growth, if left unplanned as per the experience of many developing countries,
often leads to socio-economic woes and increase in poverty, crime and
insecurity in towns and cities. According to him, one of the continent’s main
developmental challenges for the two decades of this millennium would be how to
successfully manage its urban growth for substance economic development and
social emancipation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
links between population and development have always been seen within the
context of population and resources. The visualization of population growth
this tends to be obscured by the mystique and sentiment which surrounds the
phenomenon. But whatever we feel about urban growth. We are obliged to
acknowledge that they are significant factor in our social and economic
development. Thus, the focus of this project work intends to diagnose the
impact of rapid urban growth on Nigeria, a case study of Abuja Municipal Area
Council (AMAC).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Statement of the Problem.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria experience an annual growth
rate of 9.28%, annually as against the economic growth rate of 4.8% (Ejaro,
2009). This rapid urban growth has raised several challenges for the
socio-economic development of the six Area Council of which Abuja Municipal
Area Council is most affected by this.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
influx of people into Abuja raised many problems. The immediate needs of the
people are water, food, clothing and shelter other problems include
unemployment, over population and over crowing, illiteracy, pollution, criminal
behaviours like picking pocket, armed robbery, drug use and trafficking and 419
activities among other anti – social behavior that came as a result rural –
urban migration and its implication in Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">As
people move to AMAC, if the number of houses and jobs does not grow with the
increase in population, rooms become very expensive and different to get, and jobs
become very hard to get leading to poor socio-economic development of Abuja
Municipal Area Council. Most people who came to Abuja to look for jobs mostly
reside in the satellite town that AMAC administered, and when they fail to
obtain any, they become a burden either in their relation living in the area or
they resort to immoral or criminal practices in order to survive.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Thus,
the major problem statement therefore is:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Why
is the Abuja Municipal Area Council Authority not always ready and willing to commit
resources into socio- resources into socio- economic development programmes to
matched urban growth.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">What
has been the level of performance measure by level of and quality of policy
implementation of Abuja Municipal Area Council vis-à-vis the urban renewal
projects.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keeping
in view of the above facts, it becomes necessary to provide answer to the
following questions:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Does rapid urban growth lead to poor
socio-economic development?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Has the Abuja Municipal Area Council
authority any adequate personnel with suitable skills?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Is the present financial status of Abuja
Municipal Area Council good enough to cater for the urban growth project?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(iv)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Is the prevailing circumstance in
Nigeria conducive to discourage rural-urban migration to Abuja?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Objectives of the Study</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
primary intent of the study is to explore the implication of rapid urban growth
and socio – economic development in Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC). In
order to achieve this aim, the study objectives are as follows:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To examine whether rapid population
growth and economic development in AMAC is determined by rural – urban
migration and natural increase.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To ascertain if over- population in AMAC
is negatively affecting the people’s socio-economic development.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To understand whether unemployment and
other anti-social activities are influenced by rapid urban growth and socio –
economic development in AMAC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>iv.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">On the basis of the problems so
identified, suggested measure to enhance improvement will be provided.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Research Hypothesis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Basically
the study hypothesis, thus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(H<sub>O</sub>):<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Inadequate
planning for rapid urban growth impact negatively on socio economic development
of AMAC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(H<sub>A</sub>):<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The frequency of Adequate Planning for rapid urban growth
has no affect on the socio-economic development of AMAC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Significance of the Study</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">It
is hoped that, the academic research will be of immense value and guide to the
Abuja Municipal Area Council, administration as to which approach to mitigate
against challenge of rapid urban growth to adopt; and how to impact it to accomplish
the objective of positive socio-economic.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">This
embodiment of the research literature is a compendium of ideas, facts and
figure for development economic resources person, policy makers and social
management scholars as well as research students who are in search of knowledge
for advancement.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">It
is a hall mark if records and data bank for government agencies, private
business and non – governmental organization within the public and private
sector in Nigeria and beyond.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">It
has provided solution to the problems association with rapid urban growth and
socio-economic development and indeed made recommendations on what to be done
with the challenges to rapid population growth and this I hope will be great
benefit to our society.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Scope and Limitation of the Study</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">This
study is an examination of the impact of rapid urban growth in Nigeria using
Abuja Municipal Area Council as a case study. Also the issues raised in the
research cannot be said to be completely treated in the scope and content
because of the following limitations:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inadequate
Materials:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> In that the available materials ate limited i.e
library.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Resource</b>: The financial resource is
another problem i.e money.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Time factor: Is another limitation to
the research work because the time is too short.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>iv.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Internet
Problem</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: The internet is another limitation to this network
problem and other website demand for many before the information could be
access.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>v.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Limitation in terms of intellectual
ability or experience particularly in the area of research.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>vi.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Also some materials were not release by
the Abuja Municipal Area Council and the Federal Capital Development Authority
because of security reason.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Definition of Terms</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">This
aspect of the study attempts to define the major operational terms as contained
in the topic of this project research. These terms are: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">IMPACT:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hornby (1979), define impact as “a
very strong effect or impression”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
meaning of impact that is adopted here is the one given by Ewache (1998) thus:
“impact is a positive impression or position mark which make a particular thing
to have maximum advantage”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DEVELOPMENT: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
qualitative and quantitative change in the structure, <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>composition
and performance of the forces of production<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(Karl
Marx, 1971).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ECONOMY:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is the relationship between production,
trade, and the supply of <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>money in a particular country in
region.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">RAPID URBANIZATION:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
This is the manner in which population change from <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>rural
life pattern to those of city dwellers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
This refer to describing both the quantitative <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>measure of governing economy
as well as the social, political <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>and other changes that lead to growth.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SUSTAIN DEVELOPMENT: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">This
refers to development that could last for <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>measurable time without consequences
on the environment and <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>human existence.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">GROWTH:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
This means the measurable attribute of development in terms of <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>quantitative aspects.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SOCIO- ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
This means the progress recorded in <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>the well being of human
society.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">POPULATION GROWTH:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
This is the change in population over time in terms <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>of
number of any species per unit of time for measurement.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.8<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Organization of the Study</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Chapter
one, which is the introduction, includes; a general background to the study.
Statement of the Research Problem, objectives of the study, Research
Hypothesis, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study,
definition of terms, and organization of the study.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Chapter
two, which is the literature Review and theoretical framework, consist of
introduction and review of all that exist about the study. Chapter three
captures the research methodology for the study. Chapter four contains: Data
Analysis, Presentation and interpretation of all results. Chapter five, being
the last chapter of this study simply captures; the summary, conclusion and
recommendations.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Adefolarin Olamilekanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00999790251206403460noreply@blogger.com0