Wednesday 20 July 2016

IMPLICATIONS OF PATRONIZING FOOD VENDORS IN ABUJA MODEL STUDY CENTRE



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IMPLICATIONS OF PATRONIZING FOOD VENDORS IN ABUJA MODEL STUDY CENTRE

CHAPTER ONE
1.0      INTRODUCTION
1.1   BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Food vendors are the people popularly known as street foods sellers, ready-to eat-foods, some already prepared beverages, such as doughnuts, cooked rice and beans, Youghurt, Zobo etc. They hawk their foods especially in streets and other similar public places.
Ekanem E.O. The street food trade in Africa safety and socio –environmental issues food control) (2001) streamline that street food vending has become an important public health issue and a great concern to everybody. This is due to widespread food borne diseases, due to the mushrooming of way side food vendors who lack an adequate understanding of the basic food safety issues.
Bhowmiksk (2005) confirmed that with the grip of sudden and unprecedented urban growth and increase in the size of the labour force, the demand for non-traditional services has gained momentum. The street food trade has shed its disorganized, lower class linage and is becoming a viable, important informal sector industry, Bryan F.L (1988) placed Nigeria 100th position of 130 countries that has the street foods safety risks hazard in an uncontrollable measures. Street vended foods are not only appreciated for their unique flavours, convenience and the role which they play in the cultural and social heritage of societies, they have also become important and essential for maintaining the nutritional status of the populations. Besides offering business opportunities for developing entrepreneurs, the sale of street foods can make a sizeable contribution to the economics of developing countries. In Nigeria, for example the national policy for urban street vendors/hawkers stated that street vendors constitute approximately 15% of the population of a metropolis.
Thus, research therefore sought to provide data on root causes of epidemic diseases in the society especially with regards to poor health in some students in the Abuja Model Study Centre National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN). Public Health issues are currently the main focus of discussion and research all over the world especially with regards to street food vendors. The question of street food vendors is a matter of grave concern especially among the students who are prey to this public health hazard. Umoh VJ, Odoba MB. (1999) confirmed that street foods are perceived to be a major public health risk due to lack of basic infrastructures and services, difficultly in controlling the large numbers of street food vending of operation because of their diversity, mobility and temporary nature.  A general lack of factual knowledge of street vendors in basic food safety measures and inadequate public awareness of hazards posed by certain foods has severely hampered the development of a precise scientific approach to this very serious issue of public health and safety research evidence has shown that quantitative skill are required in public health sector to checkmate this ugly menace in our public institutions and society in general.

WHO (1989) Health Surveillance and Management procedures for food handling personnel opined that general public should be cautions to be able to access some of the food they consume in public domain, for some of these foods risks hazard to the health. Consequently, students who are victims of these food vendors should always take pre-cautionary measures to be aware of the danger involves in taking any food that is not hygienically prepared.
1.2    STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Every problem on this earth has solution, so, every health question has health answer. Problems in public health sector required health research.
Buchanan RL. (1998) pointed out that the first step in conducting health research is to first identify the problem to the study and solve it. Adesiyun A.A (2003) reminded that a health problem could arise reminded that a health problem could arise as a result of some certain abnormalities, inadequacies or weaknesses of some kind.
Akinyele I.O (1987) discovered     that some high institutions and tertiary schools students do not take proper or wash their hands after the use of toilets. Some do not know their health or body health history before taken any injurious food in their body, therefore create health problem in their body.
Many students do not undergo regular medical check up. Some schools health departments do not proffer the use of sanitizers/disinfectants in the school environment for student’s use.
Example, was the case of “Ebola” many people took pre-cautionary measures to the menace of the deadly disease Ebola.
There should be thermometer to check food temperature. Every public school should employ the professionals to train and organize these food vendors, and also monitor their cooking environment and kitchen utensils. Furthermore, establishments should train staff regularly on basic personal hygienic techniques, self care and good house-keeping practices.
1.3    PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The main purpose of the study is to investigate and assess the causes of eating bad or contaminated foods in our public domain especially in the public schools institution like Abuja Model Study Centre, National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN).
        This study seeks to:
1.   To explain who are food vendors and what they do
2.   To assess the capability of the food vendors knowledge on cooking
3.   To assess the cleanliness of the environment and of the food vendors
4.   To check the kind of food sold by vendors to students of Abuja Model Study Centre, National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN).
5.   To collect opinion of students towards food vendors in Abuja Model Study Centre, National Open University of Nigeria. (NOUN).


1.4    RESEARCH QUESTIONS
        The following research questions are formulated to guide the study
1.   What are the causes of students eating contaminated foods in Abuja Model Study Centre, National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN)?
2.   What are the roles of food vendors in Abuja Model Study Centre, National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN).
3.   What are the implications of patronizing food vendors in Abuja Model Study Centre, National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN)
4.   What are the assessment on the food hygiene practices of food handlers in the Abuja Model Study Centre, National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN)
5.   What are the recommendations for improved food safety measures within food establishments?

1.5    SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The research is mainly concerned with an investigation and the causes of students eating contaminated foods in Abuja Model Study Centre, National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN).
However, due to financial problems and time constraint the selected schools are only four out of the total number of tertiary institutions in Abuja Federal Capital Territory.



The selected schools are:
1.   National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) Abuja Model Study Centre
2.   University of Abuja in Federal Capital Territory
3.   College of Education Zuba in Federal Capital Territory
4.   National Teachers Institute (NTI)  Gwarinpa Study Centre

1.6    SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
It is hoped that the result of this research will be a immense value to the students, the lecturers, the school administrators, government and also the curriculum planners.
To the lecturers, it is believed that the study will enable lecturers to learn all basic skills and available resource used to teach public health study – this also will improved and enhance lecturers and health education authorities competency in the area of teaching public health studies.
To the students, it will change the students attitude towards teaching of public health studies in anticipation such that they can no longer see public health awareness or study as a course or subject they can pass with little or no effort but rather as an important course which they need to learn and understand very well.
To the school administrators, it will enable them give necessary supports, encouragement and motivation to public health lecturers and students of food nutritionists to acquire the right attitude towards the public health knowledge.
Furthermore, this study will enable public health educational researchers, lecturers, school administrators and proprietors to know the external trends of students performance in public health learning.
In addition, this piece of work will be of useful to the researchers who are interested in student’s performance in researching on public health study this will go a long way to help the school administrators, teachers, parents, counselors and particularly the government in improving public health by implementing the recommendations provided in this research work.

1.7    OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
Causes: Something that gives rise to an action, phenomenon or condition.
Implications: An implying or that which is implied, but not expressed, an inference or something which may fairly be understood, though not expressed in words.
        Patronizing: To make oneself a regular customer of a business.
        Food vendors: A person or a company that vendor sells food.

EFFECTS OF DAY SCHOOL SYSTEM ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN OTUKPO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF BENUE STATE



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EFFECTS OF DAY SCHOOL SYSTEM ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
IN OTUKPO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF BENUE STATE

ABSTRACT
The study sought to determine the effect of day school system on academic performance of senior secondary students in Benue State, with a particular reference to Otukpo Local Government Area. The instrument used for this data collection was 20 item questionnaire administered to a sample of 100 students’ parents and teachers in the four selected senior secondary schools in town. Random sampling technique was used in selecting the sample. Simple percentage was used in analyzing the three research questions. From the analysis, the findings showed that inadequate facilities in school cause students poor academic performance also students in day and boarding system perform the same in academic. Some problems of day school system are also identified. Ways of curbing this trend are mentioned which includes school system by setting up a committee to re-organize the total functioning of the system, provision of instructional materials and infrastructural facilities and teachers conditions of service to be enhanced. Based on the findings, recommendations were made, government should encourage the day secondary school system by being involved in its operations.







TABLE CONTENTS

Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
Statement of the problem
Purpose of the study
Research questions
Hypothesis
Significance of the study
Scope of the study
Operational Definition of Terms


CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1    Introduction
2.2    Theoretical/conceptual framework
2.3    Empirical study
2.4    Summary  



CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.1    Introduction
3.2    Research Design
3.3    Population
3.4    Sample and Sampling
3.5    Instrumentation
3.6    Validation of Instrument
3.7    Method of Data Collection
3.8    Method of Data Analysis

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS.

4.1    Introduction
4.2    Data Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation
4.3    Research Questions
4.4    Discussion of Findings

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY.
5.1    Introduction
5.2    Summary
5.3    Recommendations
5.4    Conclusions
5.5    Limitations
5.6    Suggestions for further studies


CHAPTER ONE
1.0        INTRODUCTION
1.1    Background of Study
To start with, before the introduction of formal and western system of education in Nigeria, there existed the traditional form of education, the various people train their youths in traditional education system for transmission of such knowledge to the next generation. This was based on unwritten curriculum and was more or less a responsibility as parents, relatives and all the elders in the society were involved. It was to shape the all-round development of the youths. The arrival of the missionaries brought in another idea of formal education and boarding system of education. To Fafunula (1974), most of the early schools were located in “missionaries’ compounds and church premises” and that some parents insisted on being paid by the missionaries if they were to lose their children to mission to due. Also, according to Fafunula (1974), government established schools which were boarding schools system. But later the government established day schools to carter for the product of the Universal Primary Education (UPE) programme in compliance with the provision in the National Policy on Education (FRN, 2004). Due to the high cost of the boarding system, Government later established day school system to carter for the less privileged and to ensure that all attend secondary school.

Boarding school is a school where some pupils study and live during the school years with their fellow students and possibly teachers or administrators. The word boarding is used in the sense of bed and board i.e. loading and meals. Some boarding schools have day and return off-campus to their families in the evening.
Many independent (private) schools in the Common Wealth of Nations are boarding schools. Boarding school pupils (a.k.a boarders) normally return home during the school holiday and often, weekend but in some cultures may spend the majority of the childhood and adolescent life away from their families. Some schools in Otukpo Local Government Area operate boarding and day school system like St. Francis College, Jesus College but were later fully converted to a boarding school system. The reason for this conversion is to enable the school administrators to fully take control of their students and to control some habits in them. This policy by the school management leads to decline in the numbers of students’ population. Also, there are school in Otukpo Local government area that operate SINGLE BOARDING SYSTEM LIKE St. Francis College, (male), St. Annes secondary school (female) and Government Model Otukpo, that operate only on male students. Equally, schools like Wesley High School Otukpo and Jesus College operate mixed school boarding system where the hostels or dormitories are separated from each others.

On the other hand, day school system is the system of schooling where arrangements are made for school pupils to reside outside the school campus. They are made to go and return to the school on daily basis at fixed hours or the day. It also means that system of schooling which provides accommodations and other facilities for the welfare of the students either by the government or proprietors but do not provide for the students. The students are made to feed themselves. Dogara (1988) looks at day school as the type of schooling whereby students leave school immediately after school hours to their homes each day. According to the National Policy on Education (1981) is the type of system that guarantees equal rights of education to every Nigerian child.

Taiwo (1981), Day schooling is that system of school which help to reduce cost involving parents in the education of the children and enable the children develop “roots” in their culture.
According to Aku (1981) however, the purpose of the day school system is to educate every child in a manner that will enable him/her find a worthy place in the society. In the boarding school system, the children were brought together from diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds to learn together, thereby, enhancing national consciousness and solidarity. Academic exchanges took place among students through interaction in societies and clubs such as debating society, science society, sports and games musical society etc.  

To ensure that students pursue academic work with vigor, they attend preparatory classes and are involved in extra-curricular activities ranging from music, squash courts, swimming pool, and theaters. Most boarding schools have a light out time when no talking was permitted. A number of senior teaching advisors each of whom took quasi-parental responsibility for some students residing in their houses. A house keeper often known as Matron Assists them in the management of the hostels, academic exchange matters are handled by a house tutor. Prefects and monitors are appointed among students. They enjoy limited authority and help in controlling students. The progress records of students kept in folders enabled all stakeholders to have a clear and complete picture of progress with regards to attendance, achievement including scores, occupational interests and plans, participation in school activities etc.
Generally, the boarding school system has some advantages like in Nigeria when secondary school were few, boarding school were safer places for students that come from far places especially those who could not feed for themselves. And by housing students from different ethnic and socio-cultural backgrounds, national unity was enhanced as students learnt much about the culture of other outsider groups. Pupils generally needed permission to go outside defined school bounds. This particular rule helped to regulate the movement of students. Learning was ensured through preps and students time to make use of facilities such as laboratories, libraries and so on. Given the many advantages of the boarding school, the system was cherished in Nigeria and maintained in the post-independence era. The number of schools and students enrollment was however small. The introduction of the new national policy of education policy was that “primary education should be free and Universal Education should be made compulsory (Yoloye, 1993). Abo (2007) in her assessment attributed financial facilities and expansion of the schools. She stated that this was what induced the Federal Military Government to introduce what is known as Day School system, boarding system and mixed school system. The day school system as the stakeholders perceived, it was prone to many disadvantages. One of such disadvantages is that students will not devote time to their studies. Their control would similarly be difficult.

More so, “the distance students have to trek to school and this will have negative impact on their learning due to lateness, absenteeism, listen well and try to be an example to other (UNESCO, 2006). After long distance of trekking the student become tired and when they reach the school, they usually sleep in the class while lessons are going on. It was considered by stakeholders that the disadvantages associated with day schooling will have serious effects on academic performance particularly in gaining and writing skills, and passing with good grades. Practice they say, makes perfect. As students attend classes from their homes, many home chores interfere with their studies because they spend more time in running errands, looking after siblings or hawking to augment the family’s pulse. These activities make them devote less time to studies and this reflects in scores they get in examinations.
1.2    Statement of the Problem
Looking at the Day school system in Benue State, there are doubts as to whether the day school system students are actually performing better than the boarding school system in our senior secondary school because of some intervening variables. Many of the students hardly have time to read at home, while those in the school may have the problem of proper supervision of the students some times.
In view of these, the problem of the study is therefore to find out the extent to which day school system affect the academic performance of senior secondary school students in all subjects.
1.3    Purpose of the Study
The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of day school system on academic performance of Senior Secondary School (SSS) students in Otukpo Local Government Area of Benue State.
1.4    Research Questions
        The research questions for this work include:
i.     Does day system have any effect on students’ academic performance?
ii.    Why do people avoid boarding system of education?
iii.  What are the problems associated with day school system.
1.5    Hypothesis
        One hypothesis is formulated for analysis at 0.05 level of significance.
There is no significant difference in academic performance between students in boarding and day school systems.
1.6    Significance of the study
The findings of this study may be significant in many ways, especially to researches, parents who are concerned about the education of their children among others. This study will also serve as a source of reference to any person who may undertake similar research study.

More so, the research findings may be of importance to government also. Based on the findings of this research work, it will help the government to see the type of system of education which is good for the students and try to initiate a policy to help remedy the problem of poor academic performance of senior secondary students.
1.7    Scope of the Study
This study is limited to selected schools in Otukpo Local Government Area of Benue State. Subject like chemistry is chosen for this research work because of its relevance to our society and also is one of the core science subjects taught in secondary school that require much practical work especially at S.S.C.E level.

Also, Otukpo Local Government is chosen as a case study among the 23 Local Government Areas of Benue State.

1.8    Operational Definition of terms
Day school system: is an institution where children are giving educational instruction during the day and after which children return to their homes; that is a school without boarding facilities that holds classes during the day.
Boarding system: A system of school where students are housed and fed as well as taught in the school compound.

Academic performance: Korima (2006) has stated that good academic performance relater to learners acquired reading and writing skills, receive good grades or marks and all pass examination.